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ŠUMARSKI LIST 9-10/2016 str. 59     <-- 59 -->        PDF

THE EFFECTS ON SOIL COMPACTION OF TIMBER SKIDDING BY TRACTOR ON SKID ROAD IN PLANTATION FOREST IN NORTHERN TURKEY
UTJECAJ PRIVLAČENJA DRVA TRAKTOROM NA ZBIJANJE TLA NA TRAKTORSKIM VLAKAMA I PUTEVIMA U PLANTAŽNIM ŠUMAMA SJEVERNE TURSKE
Tolga OZTURK
Summary
In this study, degree of soil compaction and rutting caused on the skid road by rubber-tired tractor was investigated in northern pine plantation forest in Turkey. In research area, the cross sections were selected in every 20 meter along the skid road. Penetrometer measurements were made in each cross section. Also, the soil samples were collected to on the skid road and forest site. The rutting was measured in each cross section. The results of in this study, on the skid road had shown changes of soil depth and soil compaction during skidding operations. The major soil compaction was also more occurred in the first four passes. The rutting has been less by increasing the number of passes on the skid road. Rut depth became significant after 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th and 20th passes, reaching an average 2.6, 3.5, 4.1, 4.6 and 4.9 cm, respectively. The values penetrometer were found on skid road for every cross section (5 different points) and also, on forest soil at edge of skid road (1 point). The soil compaction values were evaluated due to penetrometer measurements.
Key words: soil compaction, rutting, skidding, skid road
INTRODUCTION
UVOD
Logging is perceived to be one of the major causes of damage to forest vegetation (Alexander, 2012). The planning operations for wood extraction require careful consideration not only to minimize cost but also to reduce the negative impacts on forest soil. Soil disturbance can be described as changes in the forest soil properties. Forest harvesting operations have high potentials for soil disturbances since heavy forestry machines trigger soil compaction due to exerted normal pressure, shear stress, and vibrations (Ampoorter et al., 2007; Jamshidi et al., 2008; Labelle and Jaeger, 2011). The impacts on the physical properties of the soil reduce the soil air capacity (Schnurr et al., 2006), decrease soil infiltration (Ares et al. 2005), and reduce root growth (Jacobsen and Greacen, 1985).
The impact of harvesting operations on forest soils can be categorized as soil compaction, lateral soil displacement, soil puddling and rutting (Majnounian and Jourgholami, 2013). Soil compaction can also affect the long-term