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R. Pašičko, D. Kajba, J. Domac: KONKURENTNOST ŠUMSKE BIOMASE U HRVATSKOJ U UVJETIMA... Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXIII (2009), 425-438 Sušnik,H., Z.Benković,2007: Energetska strate-Proceedings of the Conference:The role of short gija Republike Hrvatske u kontekstu održivog rotationcropsin the energy market. December razvitka šumarstva i poljoprivrede. Obnovljivi 1–5, 2003. Mount Maunganui, Tauranga, New izvori energije u Republici Hrvatskoj (energija Zealand. Str.1–10. biomase, bioplina i biogoriva), HGK, Osijek, Volk, T. A., T. Verwijst, P. J. Tharakan, L.P. 27.–29. svibnja 2007., Zbornik radova:11–18. Abrahamson, E. H.White,2004: Growing Tomić,F.,T.Krička, S.Matić,S., 2008: Raspolo-fuel: a sutainability assessment of willow bio žive poljoprivredne površine i mogućnosti šuma mass crops. Ecol. Environ. 2 (8):411–418. za proizvodnju biogoriva u Hrvatskoj. Šum. list Zenone,T., M.Migliavacca, L.Montagnani, 7–8: 323–330. G.Seufert, R. Valentini,2008: Carbon Se Türk,A.i sur,2006: “Needs and challenges in imple-questration in Short Rotation Forestry andTradimenting key directives – EU EmissionsTrading tional Poplar Plantations. FAO, International Directive (2003/87/EC)”, Bioenergy NoE; 15. Poplar Commission, Poplars,Willows and Peoprosinac 2006. ple’s Wellbeing, 23rd Session, Beijing, China, 27–30 October 2008, 226p. Verwijst,T.,2003: Short rotation crops in the world. U: Nicholas, I. D. (ur.) IEA Bioenergy Task 30 POPIS KRATICA AEO –Annual Energy Outlook ETS – EmissionTrading Scheme CDM – Clean Development Mechanism JI – Joint Implementation CER – Certified Emission Reduction KGT– Kratkoročni granični troškovi DGT– Dugoročni granični troškovi KKO – Kulture kratkih ophodnji ERU – Emission Reduction Unit SUMMARY: A rising share of renewable energy sources in the overall energy balance is one of the strategic goals of a growing number of countries. By signing international agreements (e.g. the Kyoto Protocol), and in accordance with the legislature and accession to the EU, Croatia undertook the obligation to make concrete steps and increase the use of renewable energy sources, as stated by the paradigm “sustainable development”. In Croatia, biomass is a renewable energy source with the greatest potential. The goal of this work is to explore the impact of the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS Scheme) and flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol – the Joint Implementation Mechanism, JI, and the Clean Development Mechanism, CDM, – on the competitiveness of biomass energy production. Compared to fossil fuels, the advantage of biomass is that energy from biomass combustion is considered CO2free technology, since biomass sequesters CO2as part of photosynthesis. The EU ETS restricts emission amounts at the national level and at the level of single installation. Every industrial operator is allocated a certain amount of emission allowances. In order to satisfy their needs, the operators may trade with their allowances and purchase emission allowances on the market. The JI and CDM projects represent flexible Kyoto mechanisms which allow investment in emissions reduction outside the investing country. The amount of emissions reduced in such projects is used to satisfy the allowances of the investing countries, while the price of CO2emissions per ton is determined by the market. An allocated amount of emissions which an installation or a country may emit increases the competitiveness of low-carbon technologies. Forest management and exploatation produces large quantities of forest biomass, which can be used for energy production. Biomass can additionally be generated by the establishment of bioenergy plantations and biomass production in short rotation crops (SRC) of forest tree species. |