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IZVORNI I ZNANSTVENI ČLANCI – ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERSŠumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 UDK 630* 189 (001) THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OFTHE CRVANJ MOUNTAIN IN THE HERZEGOVINA(WEST BALKAN PENINSULA) OBRASCI BIORAZNOLIKOSTI ŠUMSKE VEGETACIJE CRVANJ PLANINE U HERCEGOVINI (ZAPADNI BALKAN) Sulejman REDŽIĆ1, Senka BARUDANOVIĆ2 ABSTRACT: The peterns of structure and certain parameters of dynamics of forest vegetation have been studied along the vertical profile of the Crvanj Mt. in Hercegovina (from Ulog to Zimomor, i.e. top of mountain Crvanj). The following communities of the forest vegetation are present: Quercetum petraeae- cerrisB. Jovanović (1960) 1979 subass.seslerietosum autumnalissubass. nova hoc loco; Lathyro nigeri-Quercetum cerris nomen nov hoc loco (Syn.:Quercetum cerris “mediterraneo-montanum”Lakušić et Kutleša 1977), Aceri-Carpinetum orientalisBlečić et Lakušić 1966 /alliancesQuercion petraeae- cerris[(Lakušić 1976) Lakušić et Jovanović 1980] Čarni et al. 2009 andCarpinion orientalisBlečić et Lakušić 1966/;Querco- Carpinetum betuli Horvat 1938 emend Blečić 1958 subass.quercetosum cerrisStefanović 1964 aposeriosum foetidaefacies nov. hoc loco (alliance Erythronio-Carpinion (Horvat 1958) Marinček in Mucina et al. 1993;Lathyro verni-Fagetum sylvaticaeRedžić 2007 nom. nov (Syn.:Fagetum moesiacae “montanum”Blečić et Lakušić 1970), Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum sylvaticaeBlečić et Lakušić 1970 corr. Redžić & Barudanović hoc loco and Phyteumo spicatae-Fagetum sylvaticaeBarudanović 2003 corr. Redžić & Barudanović hoc loco (alliance Seslerio-Fagion sylvaticae nomen nov hoc loco (Syn.:Fagion moesiacaeBlečić et Lakušić 1970). All communities are hemicryptophitic and phanerophtic, with certain proportion of geophytes life form. The balkans, dinaric and SE Europe floral elements are with high proportion and differentiate of those forest communites from similar forest vegetation in other Dinaric Alps region. Key words:Balkan, Crvanj Mt., Forest vegetation, Herzegovina, Querco-Fagetea, Syntaxonomy 1. INTRODUCTION – Uvod One of the basic priorities in implementation of Con-hes are recomanded as basic steps. By this action are envention on biodiversity is protection and conservation ofcopassed species and habitats, as well as syntaxonomical biodiversity on local, regional and global level. In thelevel of biodiversity, which is extremely important indigoal of development of measures for susteinable mana-cator of ecological diversity of certain area (Lakušić gement, the inventarisation, categorisation, i.e. researc-& al., 1978;Redžić,2007a; 2007b). With objective of assessment of syntaxonomical di 1 Prof. dr. sci. Sulejman Redžić, corr. member of Academy of Sciences andArts of Bosnia and Herzegovina versity, original ecological and phytocoenological stu 2 Dr. sci. Senka Barudanović, docent of the Faculty of Science dies are performed in current investigations. University of Sarajevo CEPRES – Centre of Ecology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Although vegetation reserches in area of Bosnian Science University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33, and Hercegovinian DinaricAlps have very long tradi 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina tion ( the begin of past century, Fukarek,1954) men- E-mail: sredzic@pmf.unsa.ba E-mail: sbarudanovic@email.com tioned area is still relatively unexplored in vegetation |
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S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 sense.That fact emphasize the purpose of intensive and complex phytocoenological investigations of each part of area, which is characterised with high level of heterogenity in ecological and geographycal sense. One of the most complex unit of DinaricAlps in region is Crvanj Mt., situated in northern part of Eastern Herzegovina. From phytogeographical point of view, on Crvanj Mt. are hilly, mountain and subalpine vegetation belt recognized. According to Lakušić(1969), the influence of Moesian province is expressed in lower vegetation belts, while in the upper mountain and subalpine belt the influence of Illyrian province of Eurosibirianboreoamerican region is predominant. The upper subalpine and alpine belts belong to Highdinaric province of Alpine-Highnordicregion. The position of Crvanj Mt. in the system of Dinaric Alps, relatively small distance (cca 75 km) from the sea, geologic-pedological, orographical and hydrograp hical conditions, in complex with other environmental factors, have esential significance in defining of ecosystem diversity on investigated area. In past period that fact was reason for researches done by numerous naturalists and florists. Crvanj Mt. is explored by AmiBoue(in period 1836–1838); Otto Blau(19–28. ofAugust 1871); JosefPantocsekand ArminKnapp(Fukarek,1954); Pichler and Formanek (Beck,1909, Beck&al., 1967); Adamović (1889); K. Mal.(1889; 1923); Beck(1903–1916) and Janchen(1906).The special contribution to the floristic knowledge of Crvanj Mt. gave famous Swedish botanist Svante Murbeck (Murbeck,1891). However, the special attention to the problem of phytocoenological diversity of Crvanj Mt. has not been paid up to current investigations.Therefore, there is no detailed published information on matter (except data conteining general distribution of certain phytocoenoses, obtained trough process of vegetation mapping). Current investigations komprehend vegetation data, i.e. structure of different phytocoenoses allong the whole vertical profile.The results of investigations enclose also the hilly, mountain and subalpine meadows and pastures, rocky grasslands, alkaline peat bogs as well as submountain summer pastures (Redžić&al., 1992–94). Here are presented results related to forest vegetation of Crvanj Mt. The general objectives of paper are: –Scientific knowledge of structure (floristic composition) and dynamics of prevalent forest phytocoenoses on vertical profile Ulog – Zimomor; –Phytocoenological analysis of forest communities in the goal of susteinable planning, according to internationally accepted metodology – ecosystem approach (CBD, 1992), –Defining of phytocoenoses and habitat types according to EUNIS (M o s s & D a v i e s, 2002), –Phytogeographycal and syndinamical analisys with assessment of significance and dimension in relation to regional biodiversity. 2. MATERIALAND METHODS – Materijal i metode Phytoceonological and ecological vegetation reserches along the vertical profile of Crvanj Mt. from Ulog up to the top of mountain, were performed in different aspect in period between 1983. and 1990.The methodology of Braun-Blanguet(1964) has been entirely applied.The data of life forms and floral elements have been accepted afterOberdorfer(1983), and on endemic taxa mostly after Hayek(1924–1933). The taxa nomenclature has been given mostly after the Flora Europaea (Tutin&al., 1964–1980). Main characteristic of investigated area– Geography and Topography:The Mt. Crvanj morphostructure is situated in Eastern Herzegovina, with geographical coordinates 43o and 43o 30’of the north latitude and 18o and 18o 30’of east longitude (Fig. 1). In the north it is bordered by valley of Neretva river and eastern border goes along the line Ulog – Obalj – Plužine. In the south it is bordered by Zalomka river and in the west by Nevesinje field. Mt. Crvanj settles the line north-northwest south southeast, wich is not common direction recognized in most of Dinaric Alps mountains. Understanding, determination and defining of certain phytocoenoses has been reconciled with the Code of phytocenologycal nomenclature (Weber&al., 2000). Determination of humidity and thermic character of climate has been done afterGračanin(1950), and soil nomenclature afterŠkorić&al. (1985). Osnovne karakteristike istražvanog područja Orography:According to morphology and hypsometry Mt. Crvanj can be divided in western higher part, and eastern lower part transforming into characteristic plain.The higest peak is Zimomor (1920 m).The morfostructure of Mt. Crvanj belongs to higher zone of the high karst (Vidović,1978). Hydrography:In hydrographic sense Crvanj Mt can be divided in nothern part, with well developed surface netting of branching directed toward Neretva river; and southern part with very poor developed surface netting /or brabching/ (Spahić,1984). |
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S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 Figure 1. Geographic position of investigated area Crvanj Mt. Slika 1 Geografski položaj istraživanog područja planineCrvanj In the unit of eastern part of Crvanj Mt., above Ulog, a glacial lake Ulog (known also as Lake) is situated. The water flows from lake down as Jezernica river to Neretva. Geology and Pedology:On Crvanj Mt. could be found different types of geological foundation.On route Ulog to the top of mountain (investigated profile) marl and calcarenit is predominant, but also mixed formations of marl-sandstone, limestone, calcarenit-marl are present. In the major part of central and high belts of Crvanj Mt. are recognizedTriassic clastic scars, dolomite, limestone, Jurassic marl-sandstone limestone with particle of silicate, as well as massive and bank limestone of Jurassic and Cretaceus age. Over mentioned geological foundation are calcomelanosol and calcocambisol, rendzine, acid calcocambisol, district cambisols and rankers developed. Subalpine in alpine vegetation belt is chsracterized by degradated calcomelanosol and rendzine, especially in wind exposed habitats where the stage of sirozem is predominant. It is expanded over wide surfaces, becomming an essen tial determinant of entire massive. On silicate geological foundation are soils with humus layer often degradated to the stage of silicate sirozem to.Ranker gradually traverse to distric cambisols only in characteristic carst depressions. In geological sense this area belongs to the special structural and facial unit Crvanj – Morine with the zone of Durmitor flysch (Moj čević&Tomić, 1982a, 1982b). Ecoclimate:The Crvanj morphostructure builds one natural barriers betweenAdriatic and continental climate. However, the maritime influences are distinct. Analyses of enclosed climatic diagram showes relatively distinct maritime influences in relation to distribution of rainfall (according to data from Gacko and Nevesinje climatic stations). In Kalinovik area the coninental influences are more distinct. Humid periods are particularly present in spring and autumn. Dray period is in July andAugust, in the middle of vegetation season. According to data from all mentioned stations, rainfall is minimal during this period (for station Ulog recorded rainfall is only 35 mm in July). In regard to humidity, the climate is perhumid |
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S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 (all stations). During the vegetation period climate isThe climate of lower parts of Crvanj Mt. is mainly semiarid, arid and semihumid (Redžić&al., 2000).submontane, with more or less distinct maritime influence. Kalinovik area is characterised by montane cli- Assessed thermic character of climate is temperate mate, with certain level of maritime influences.Toward warm for stations Gacko and Nevesinje, but temperate to the top of mountain, climate character is transformed cold for station Kalinovik.Assessed thermic character to typical mountain, and on highest peak has certain at- during the vegetation period is warm to teperate warm. tributes of mild alpine climate. Period of winter is tem- Relative air humidity varies between 75 to 80 % du perate cold, and summer temperate warm. ring the year. During the vegetation period it is between According to annual isothermic maps –The clima 58 to 76 %.The annual average of cloudiness is bet- tic atlas of ex-SFRJ (Ak,1967), and temperature gra ween 51 to 63 %.The lowest cloudiness is recorded dudient, it has been shown that the air temperature of the ring summer months. highest part of Crvanj is about 2 oC. According to Milosavljević(1973) investigated area is considered as moderate bright, i.e. moderate cloudy part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – Rezultati rada i diskusija Syntaxonomical review of forest vegetation– Sintaksonomski pregled šumske vegetacije QUERCO-FAGETEABr. – Bl. & Vlieger inVlieger 1937 QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTISKlika 1933 (=Quercetalia pubescentisBr. – Bl. /1931 n.nud./1932) Quercion petraeae – cerris[(Lakušić 1976) Lakušić & Jovanović 1980] Čarni et al. 2009 Quercetum petraeae – cerrisB. Jovanović (1960)1979seslerietosum autumnalissubas. nova hoc loco EUNIS code G1.7 FAGETALIA SYLVATICAEPawlowski in Pawłowski & al. 1928 Erythronio-Carpinion betuli(Horvat 1958) Marinček in Mucina et al. 1993 Querco – Carpinetum betuliHorvat 1938 emend. Blečić 1958 subas.quercetosum cerrisStefanović 1964 aposeriosum foetidaefacies nov hoc loco EUNIS code G1.A/P-41.24 Seslerio-Fagion sylvaticaenomen nov hoc loco (Syn.:Fagion moesiacae Blečić & Lakušić 1970; Incl.Fagenion moesiacae „montanum”B. Jovanović 1976) Lathyro verni-Fagetum sylvaticaeRedžić 2007 nom. nov (Syn.:Fagetum moesiacae montanumBlečić & Lakušić 1970) EUNIS code G1.6/P-41.1B Seslerio autumnalis-FagetumB. Jovanović 1976 EUNIS code G1.6/P-41.16 Phyteumo spicatae-FagetumBarudanović 2003 (Syn.:Aceri – Fagetum subalpinumFukarek & Stefanović 1958 emend. Fukarek1969) EUNIS code G1.6/P-41.15 Review of forest phytocoenoses – Pregled šumskih fitocenoza Class:QUERCO-FAGETEABr.-Bl. & Vlieger inVlieger 1937 Order: QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTISKlika 1933 Alliance:Quercion petraeae – cerris[(Lakušić 1976) Lakušić & Jovanović 1980]Čarni et al. 2009 Ass.:Quercetum petraeae – cerris B. Jovanović (1960) 1979seslerietosum autumnalis subas. nova (Nomenclature type: Releve 1,Tab.1; Diagnostic species: Sesleria autumnalis, Helleborus odorus, Lembotropis nigricans) The separate vegetation belt is formed by communi-of one of mentioned species are found on certain aspect ties of durmast andTurkey oak. It is found in the lowestand inclination. The species of High level of signifipart of Crvanj, from 670 m altitude going to the Lake,cance, as diagnostic species, have:Fraxinus ornus, Vi- at SE aspect with inclination cca 30°.burnum lantana, Sorbus torminalis, Quercus cerris, Geological foundation on sites is silicate stone andAcer monspessulanum, Lembotropis nigricans, Silene limestone in series with silicates. The soil is districnutans, Verbascum nigrum, Potentilla micrantha, Hellecambisol where eroded humus–accumulative horizontborus multifidus, Lychnis coronaria, Sesleria autumnais determined.lisand other (Tab. 1). In the tree stratum durmast and Turkey oaks are equally present.Although communities with domination |
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S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 Tab. 1. Forest vegetation of Crvanj mountain in the Hercegovina regionPlant CommunityQ.p-cQ-Cb qcS-FsL-FsP-F Locality ( co-ordinates: Crvanj Mt Crvanj Mt. Crvanj Mt.Crvanj Mt.Crvanj Mt. 43 - 43 30 and 18 - 18 30)Ulog-JezeroUlog.- vertical profileHigh mount.-ZimomorZimomor Altitude (m)680680670860860780780710720111012201500 ExposureE-SEE-SEEEENENESSE-NEEEWW Slope/Inclination (o)252520101025253530353525252020 Geological foundationSandstoneLimestoneDolomiteLimestoneLimestone Type of soilDistric cambisolDistric camb. - C.c.RendzineRend.-C.melanosolC.melanosolSize of Releve (sqm)500500200500500500500500500500500500500200200 Coverage of vegetation (%)859595100100100100100100801008010075100 Height of the trees (m)A1515151515151515152020152066 Height of the scrubs (m) B3321,51,52332,52,52,5331,51,5 Date12.5.23.7.23.7.23.7.12.5.2.7.12.5.23.7.23.7.12.5.13.5.12.5.23.7.12.5.23.7. 199019911998199819911991199819981990.199819981998199819981990 Number of species334637344233273327221622302117 Number of releve123456789101112131415 Floristic compositionChar.& Differ. species of the Ass.Quercetum petraeae-cerrisand All.Quercion petraeae-cerris /(Lakušić 1976) Lakušić et Jovanović 1980/Čarni et al. 2009AQuercus cerris L.2.22.33.31.11.11.1+.1........7OsmedP BSorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz+.1+.1+.1+.1.+.1.........5Smed P BCrataegus monogyna Jacq.1.21.21.2.+.1..+.2.......5Submed (-subatl)P BFraxinus ornus L.1.11.21.2....+.1+.1......5OsmedP BQuercus cerris L.1.21.21.2.+.1..........4OsmedP BMalus sylvestris Miller+.1+.1+.1+.1...........4Euras (-smed)P BLembotropis nigricans (L.) Gr.+.21.21.1............3Gemasskont-osmed P BViburnum lantana L.+.1+.2...+.1.........3Smed P COriganum vulgare L.+.1+.2+.2............3Euras-smedH, Ch CSilene nutans L.+.21.21.2............3Euras(kont) (smed)H CVerbascum nigrum L.+.1+.11.1............3EurassubozeanH CPoa nemoralis L.+.21.21.2............3No-euras(circ)H CHieracium cymosum L.+.11.11.1............3GemasskontH CDorycnium herbaceum Vill.+.2+.2+.2............3Osmed-smedCh BAcer monspessulanum L+.2+.2.............2Smed P CHelleborus multifidus Vis..+.1+.1...........2BalcG(H) CHelleborus purpurascens W.&K..+.1+.1............2E.C.Eur.G(H) CIris graminea L...1.1...........1SmedeuropkontG(H) CLychnis coronaria (L) Desr...+.1............1OsmedH Char.& Differ.species of the Ass.Querco-Carpinetum betuliandAll Erythronio-Carpinion betuli ( Horvat 1958) Marinček in Mucina et al. 1993ACarpinus betulus L....4.43.34.43.3........4GemasskontP CAposeris foetida (L.) Less....2.31.1+.2+.2+.2.....+.2.6(O)pralpH AAcer campestre L....1.11.1+.11.1........4Subatl-smedP APyrus pyraster Burgds.....+.1+.11.1........3Smed (gemaskont)P BCarpinus betulus L....1.21.2+.21.2........4GemasskontP CAegopodium podagraria L....+.1+.1+.1+.1........4Euras(kont) (smed)H,G CCruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend....+.1+.1+.1+.1........4Smed(gemasskont)H CPrimula vulgaris Hudson...1.11.1+.1+.1........4Smed-atlH CStellaria holostea L....1.21.1..........2Eurassubozean(-smed)Ch CSanicula europea L....1.11.1..........2Subatl(-smed)H,C CLuzula pilosa (L.) Willd....+.2+.2..........2No-eurassubozeanH CFestuca heterophylla Lam....+.21.2..........2Smed-gemasskontH CMelica nutans L....+.2+.2..........2No-euras(kont)H(G) CGalium schultesi Vest......+.1+.1........2GemasskontG CAsarum europaeum L......+.1+.1........2EuraskontH,G CCarex sylvatica Hudson.....+.1+.2........2Subatl(-smed)H Char.& Differ. species of the Ass.Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum sylvaticaeand All.Seslerio-Fagion sylvaticae(Syn.: Fagion moesiacaeBlečić et Lakušić 1970) CLathyrus venetus (Miller) Woh......+.1.+.21.2......3S.E.&S.C.EurG(H) FREQUENCY FLORALELEMENT LIFE FORM |
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CEpipactis latifolia All........1.11.1....+.1.3Euras(subozean)-smedG BChamaecytisus hirsutus (L:) Li........+.2+.2......2S.E.EurPn BCotinus coggygria Scop........+.21.2......2OsmedP BEvonimus verrucosus Scop........+.21.2......2ES.E.EurP BOstrya carpinifolia Scop........+.21.2......2OsmedP CConvallaria mayalis L........1.11.1......2Eurassubozean(no)G CSolidago virgaurea L........1.1+.1......2Euras(subozean)-smedH CSalvia glutinosa L........+.1+.1......2PralpH Char.& Differ. species of the Ass.Lathyro verni-Fagetum sylvaticaeand All.Seslerio-Fagion sylvaticae S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 CCardamine bulbifera (L.) Cr....+.1.....1.1+.11.1+.1+.1+.17 Gemasskont-osmed(-pral) G BRhamnus fallax Boiss..........+.1+.1+.2+.21.21.26BalcP CCardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Cr..........+.11.11.11.11.11.16OpralpG BAcer pseudoplatanus L..........+.1+.1+.1+.1..4Subatl-smed(-pralp)P CCaradamine bulbifera (L.) Cr....+.1.....1.1+.11.1+.1+.1+.17 Gemasskont-osmed(-pralp) G CMelica uniflora Retz..........+.2+.21.21.2..4Subatl-(smed)H(G) CGalium odoratum (L.) Scop..........+.2+.2+.21.2..4Eurassubozean-smedG CPolygonatum multiflorum (L.) All..........+.11.1+.11.1..4Eurassubozean(-smed)G BEvonymus latifolia (L.) All..........+.2+.2....2Pralp(-smed)P CGalanthus nivalis L..........1.1.1.1...2Pralp(-gemasskont)G CPolygonatum verticillatum (L.) All...........+.1.+.1..2Pralp-(nosubatl9G CIsopyrum thalictroides L............2.21.1..2Euras(-smed)G CHordelymus europaeus (L.)C.O............+.21.2..2Gemasskont-smedH CCorydalis cava (L.) Schw.&K..........+.1.+.1...2GemaskontG CScilla bifolia L..........+.1.+.1...2Smed(-gemasskont)G CArum maculatum L............+.1+.1..2Subatl(-smed)G CPolystichum lobatum (Hudson) Ch............+.21.2..2EurassubozeanH CCalamintha sylvatica Bromf............+.1+.1..2Smed(-subatl)H CLilium martagon L.............+.1..1Euras(kont)(-smed)G Char.& Differ. species of the Ass.Phyteumo spicatae-Fagetumand All. Seslerio-Fagion sylvaticae BLonicera alpigena L............+.1+.2+.23Alp-pralpP CCystopteris montana (Lam.) Desv..............+.2+.22Arctalp(subozean)circG(H) CLuzula sylvatica (Hudson) Gaudin.............+.2+.22Subatl(-smed)H CAdenostyls alliariae (Gouan) A. Kerner.............+.2+.22Alp-pralpH CActea spicata L..............+.2+.22(No)-eurassubozeanG CGeranium macrorhizum L..............+.1+.22OpralpH(Ch) The species of the ordersQuercetalia pubescentisKlika 1933 1932 andFagetalia sylvaticaePawl. In Pawl. et al. 1928 and classQuerco-FageteaBr.-Bl. & VliegerinVlieger1937 AFagus sylvatica L....+.11.1+.11.24.44.45.55.55.55.54.45.512BalcP BFagus sylvatica L....+.2+.21.22.21.22.23.22.23.22.22.211BalcP CAremonia egrimonioides (L.) DC+.1+.1+.11.11.11.11.1....+.11.1+.1+.111OsmedH CViola reichenbachiana Jo. ex Bo....+.11.1+.1+.1...+.1+.1+.11.1+.1+.110Subatl-smedH BRosa arvensis Hud.+.21.21.2+.2+.2+.2+.1+.21.2......9Subatl-smedP CAnemone nemorosa L....1.2+.1+.1+.1..+.2+.21.1+.1+.2.9EurassubozeanG AQuercus petraea (Matt.) Liebel.3.33.33.31.11.21.11.1+.1.......8Subatl-smedP CHelleborus odorus Waldrt.& Kit.+.11.11.11.11.11.11.1..+.1.....8BalcG(H) CFragaria vesca L.+.1+.1+.1+.11.1..+.1+.2......8No-euras(subozean)H CSesleria autumnalis (Scop.)2.22.21.2..+.1+.23.33.3......7Balc-apenH CPotentilla micrantha Ram. In DC.+.11.11.1+.1+.1+.1...+.1.....7SmedH CClinopodium vulgare L.+.11.11.1.+.2+.1.1.11.1......7Euras-smedH BQuercus petraea (Matt.) Liebel.2.22.21.2.+.1+.21.1........6Subatl-smedP BPyrus pyraster Burgds.+.1+.1+.1+.1+.1+.1.........6Smed(gemasskont)P CLathyrus niger (L.) Bernh.1.1+.1+.1+.1+.1.+.1........6(O)smed-gemasskontG(H) CVeronica chamaedrys L.+.21.11.1+.11.1.......+.2..6No-eurassubozeanCh CDactylis hispanica Rothm+.21.21.2.+.2.+.2..+.2.....6Med-smedH CEuphorbia amygdaloides L.+.1..+.1+.1.+.1+.1+.1......6Subatl-smedCh BAcer campestre L.....+.2+.1+.11.1+.1+.1.....6Subatl-smedH CAsplenium adiantum-nigrum L.+.21.2+.2.........+.2.+.25Subatl-smedH |
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BCornus mas L.....+.1+.1.+.2+.2......4OsmedP AAcer pseudoplatanus L.........+.2+.1..+.1+.1..4Subatl-smed(pralp)P CHieracium prenanthoides Vill..+.1..+.1..+.1+.1......4(Pralp)alp-arct(-no)H CPeucedanum oreoselinum (L.) Mo..+.2+.1.+.1...+.1......4 Gemasskont(-smed) med H CCampanula trachelium L..+.1.....+.1+.1+.1.....4Eurassubozean-smedH CMelittis melissophyllum L.....+.1..+.11.1.+.1...4SmedH BClematis vitalba L........+.2+.2+.2.....3Smed-subatl(circ)P BCorylus avellana L........+.21.2+.2.....3EurassubozeanP BCornus sanguinea L....+.1...+.1+.2......3Smed(-subatl)P CHieracium murorum Hudson+.1+.1.....+.1.......3No-eurassubozeanH CGeum urbanum L.....+.1.......+.1+.1.3Eurassubozean-smedH CSymphytum tuberosum L......+.2+.2.....+.2..3Gemasskont-smedG CArabis hirsuta (L.) Scop..+.1+.1............2Euras-smed,circH(T) CLathyrus venetus (L.) Bernh....+.1.....+.1....2GemasskontG(H) CMycelis muralis (L.) Dumort.....+.1.....+.1...2Subatl-smedH CEpilobium montanum L.............+.1+.1.2(no)eurassubozeanH(Ch) CViola alba Besser+.1..............1Med-smedH BPrunus avium L..+.1.............1Subatl-smedP BAcer platanoides L.....+.1..........1GemasskontP BViburnum opulus L......+.1.........1Euras(subozean)P BLonicera xylosteum L........+.2.......1Subatl-smedP CMelampyrum nemorosum L........+.2.......1Gemasskont(-smed)H CLamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Eh.&P.............+.2..1GemasskontCh CAjuga reptans L.............+.1..1Subatl-smedH CCrocus vernus (L.) Hill.............+.1.1Opralp(-smed)G The otherspecies: CAsplenium trichomanes L.+.2+.2+.2.+.1.......+.2..5(No)euras-smed,circH CPrunella vulgaris L..+.1.1.11.2+.1.........4(No)eurasH CPrunella laciniata (L.) L.+.2+.1+.1............3SmedH CThymus serpyllum L.+.21.21.2............3EuropkontCh CAchillea nobilis L..+.1+.1............2Smed-euraskontH CTrifolium rubens L..+.1+.1............2Gemasskont-smedH DCtenidium molluscum (Hedw.) Mitt......1.31.3........2CircumborCh CAstragalus glycyphyllos L........+.2+.2......2Eurassubozean-smedH CUrtica dioica L..............+.2+.22No-eurasH CAsperula purpurea (L.) Ehrend..+.2.............1BalcH CLotus corniculatus L. f. ciliatus Koch.+.1.............1Eurassubozean(-smed)H CHypericum perforatum L..+.1.............1Eurassubozean-smedH CSedum acre L..+.1.............1 (No-)eurassubozeansmed Ch CCerastium caespitosum Gilib..+.1.............1No-euras(subozean)Ch(T) CHelianthemum rupifragum ..+.2............1DinCh CPrimula columnae Ten....+.1...........1S.E.Eur.H CVicia sepium L....+.1...........1EurassubozeanH CLapsana communis L....+.1..........1Eurassubozean-smedT(H) CViola hirta L.....+.1..........1Euras-smedH CCruciata laevipes Opiz.....+.2.........1Smed-eurassubozeanH CAstrantia major L.......+.1........1(O)pralpH CLathyrus pratensis L........+.1.......1Euras(subozean)-smedH CGeranium robertianum L.............+.1..1Eurassubozean-smedH(T) CVeratrum album L..............+.1.1PralpH Abbreviations:A-The species of the tree stratum; B -The species of the scrub stratumhrub stratum; C -The species of harbs stratum; D -The mosses stratum Q.p-c- Quercetum petraeae-cerris; Q-Cb qc - Querco-Carpinetum bertuli quercetosum cerris; L-Fm- Lathyro verni-Fagetum sylvaticaeS-F.s. - Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum sylvaticae;P-F.s. - Phyteumo spicatae-Fagetum sylvaticae S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 |
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S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 The community Quercetum petraeae-cerrisis one special phytogeographycal feature found on North Montenegro mountains and in area of continental Dinaric Alps(Lakušić,1987;Čarnietal., 2009). By floristic composition mentioned community showes certain level of similarity with Quercetum cerris „montanum” B. Jovanović (1960) 1979 from the moesian province (Jovanović, 1980), and to termophilic variants of the communityQuercetum “ montanum illy ricum”(Stefanović&Popović,1961,Stefa nović, 1964; 1984;Redžić&Golić,1984;Red žić, 1989)). Going to the south and southeast direction the associationQuercetum petraeae – cerrisis banded with the associationLathyro nigeri-Quercetum cerris nomen nov hoc loco(Syn.:Quercetum cerris „mediterraneo-montanum” Lakušić & Kutleša 1977), accomplishing an Order:FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE ecological continuum. In northwest is linked with the associationOrno – Quercetum cerrisStefanović 1968. The degradation of durmast andTurkey oak forestes directs to development of various progradation – degradation stages. One of the most prominent is community Aceri – Carpinetum orientalisBlečić & Lakušić 1966, which inhabits shallow soils and warmer habitats.This association is particularly well developed in area toward river Neretva valley, and on the lower positions of Crvanj Mt. On colder habitats the asssociationQuercetum petraeae – cerrisaccomplishes syndinamical bond with certain variants of the associationSeslerio autumnalis –Ostryetum carpinifoliaeHorvat & Horvatić 1958.On colder habitats, on dolomite geological foundation, it is bonded with thermophilic beech forests Seslerio autumnalis – FagetumBlečić i & Lakušić 1970. Pawlowski in Pawlowski & al. 1928 Alliance:Erythronio-Carpinion betuli(Horvat 1958) Marinček in Mucina et al. 1993 Ass.:Querco-Carpinetum betuliHorvat 1938 emend Blečić 1958 subass.quercetosum cerrisStefanović 1964aposeriosum foetidaefacies nov.(Nomenclature type: Releve 4, Tab.1; Diagnostic species: Aposeris foetida, Primula vulgaris) The southern border of distribution ofQuerco-Carpinetum betuliassotiation is on Crvanj Mt. It is developed within durmast andTurkey oak forest zone. The characteristic species of association are:Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Pyrus pyraster, Primula vulgaris, Stellaria holostea, Melica nutans, Lathyrus venetus, Sanicula europaea andAposeris foetida. Species of wider ecological/coenological range of tolerance, but important for defining of coenology status, are:Aremonia agrimonioides, Helleborus odorus, Viola reichenbachiana, Anemone nemorosa, Veronica chamaedrysand other (Tab. 1). The high level of similarity the association achieves with subassociationQ.-C.b. quercetosum cerrisStefano vić 1961 (Stefanović,1964; Stefanović& Ma nuševa,1971;Horvat&al., 1974;Redžić& al., 1986;Lakušić&al., 1987) especially with its facies aposeriosum foetidae. The syndinamical link of oak-hornbeam forests with mountain beech forests in this area has been accomplished through this facies. Alliance:Seslerio-Fagion sylvaticaeNomen nov hoc loco (Syn.:Fagion moesiacaeBlečić & Lakušić) Ass.:Lathyro verni-Fagetum sylvaticaeRedžić 2007 (Ass.:Fagetum moesiacae montanumBlečić & Lakušić 1970) The widest vegetation belt on vertical profile of Crvanj Mt. is build of complex of beech communities. The very large area is covered by specific variant of mountain beech forest wich is developed on limestone foundation or silicate in series with limestone.Type of soil on habitats of mentioned community is calcocambisol, acified calcocambisol or calcomelanosol, which is recorded on more sloping terrain. Remarkable influence of sub-Mediterranean climate caused significant shifting of community towards higher altitudes, up to 1400 (1500) m on Crvanj. In phytogeographycal sense, development of mentioned comminity associates Crvanj Mt. with group of northwestern and central DinaricAlps. Predominant role in community has speciesFagus sylvatica, somewhere accompanied by Acer pseudoplatanus. Next group of species has high valuable role in coenodiagnostic:Euonymus latifolius, Rhamnus fallax, Cardamine bulbifera, Galium odoratum, Polygonatum multiflorum, P. verticillatum, Galanthus nivalis, Scilla bifolia, Hordelymus europaeus, Corydalis cava and other (Tab. 1). The typical beech-fir forests structure (developed on adjacent mountain Visočica, Bjelašnica (Fukarek& Stefanović,1958; Fukarek,1979, Lakušić& al., 1984; 1987)Treskavica (Mišić,1984) in the north and Gatačka Bjelašnica in the southeast) are not recorded on investigated profile Ulog-Jezero-Zimomor. |
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S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 Abies albais not or it is very rarely present in beech forest here. However, the presence of Rhamnus fallax, Lonicera alpigena, Galium odoratum, Polystichum lobatum, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Polygonatum verticillatumand Lilium martagonspecies indicates development of certain beech-fir forests variant, or forests of beech and bu- Ass.:Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum sylvaticae The termophylic community of beech and autumn bluegrass (Sesleria autumnalis) is developed within belt of mountain and high mountains beech forests, but on warmer habitats, dolomite geological foundation and rendzine as type of soil. Habitats of mentioned community are situated on south aspect and terrain with inclination of 35o. In floristic composition of community the next group of species has significant diagnostic and indicator value:Sesleria autumnalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Cotinus coggigria, Chamaecytisus hirsutus, Epipactis latifolia, Solidago virgaaurea, Canvallaria mayalis andLathyrus venetus(Tab. 1). The community of autumn bleugrass with beech, within area with Illyrian climate is developed both in sub-Mediterranean belt (Horvat,1962; Trinaj s tić, 2008), and deeply in continental hinterland, what is more often orographically and pedologically caused (Fukarek,1979;Redžić,1990). Usualy, mentioned community is affiliated to littoral and south part of Central Dinaric mountains (Lakušić, 1987,Lakušić&al., 1984, 1987). Going to Ass.:Phyteumo spicatae-Fagetumsylvaticae ckthorn (Rhamno-FagetumFukarek 1969), which are more common for group of south DinaricAlps (Fukarek, 1979). One of possible reason forAbies albaabsence could be intensive cutting in the past period, when fir is entirely but artificially removed from investigated habitats.According to literature sources, fir was distinctively more presented in this area (Murbeck,1891). Blečić & Lakušić 1970 corr. hoc loco group of continental and northwestern Dinaric Alps, the community constitute the continuum to theSeslerio autumnalis-Fagetum(Horvat 1938) Horvat & al. 1974, which is developed in a few variants. One of known community variants isSeslerio autumnalis- Fagetum(Horvat 1950) M. Wraber (1958) 1960, developed from the sub-Mediterranean to the subalpine area of Slovenia, and recently diffrentiated in several syntaxonomical categories (Dakskobler,1991). The thermophilic community of beech with autumn bluegrass in comparision with typical association Seslerio- Fagetum sylvaticae, recorded in south and southeastern part of central DinaricAlps (Blečić,1958; Blečić&Lakušić,1970;Lakušić&Redžić, 1989) is rather poor in endemic species. SpeciesChamaecytisus tommasinii, Campanula lingulata, Dianthus sylvestris, Laserpitium marginatum, Trifolium pignattii, Crocus tommasinianus, Dioscorea balcanica, Daphne oleoidesand other endemic species are absent. By this finding, researched community is more similar toSeslerio-Fagetumin floristic sense. Barudanović 2003 (=Aceri-Fagetum subalpinumFukarek & Stefanović 1958 emend Fukarek 1969) The community of maple with subalpine beech is usualy recorded on mountains of northwestern and continental group of Dinaric Alps (Horvat,1962; Fukarek,1979;Redžić&al., 1984;Barudanović, 2003;Barudanović&Redžić,2007). In the souheast group of DinaricAlps it is altered with communityAceri visianii-Fagetum sylvaticaeFukarek 1969 (Blečić 1958 – Syn.:Fagetum subalpinum aceretosum visianiiBlečić 1958). In the past period community of subalpine beech on Crvanj Mt. suffered extremely high level of antopogenic influence with purpose of subalpine pastures area enlargement. The floristic analysis of researched sites situated on limestone foundation and calcomelanosol type of soil, at the altitude between 1500 an 1700 m, indicates the presence of this association, but in extremely poor form. In the tree stratum, high cca 6 m, beech is predominant, but sycamore maple is also present. In schrub stratum Lonicera alpigenaand Rhamnus fallax are only recorded species. Characteristic and differential species of Aceri-Fagetum association here are: Cystopteris montana, Luzula sylvatica, Adenostyles alliariae, Actea spicata, Geranium macrorhizumandCardamine enneaphyllos. Important diagnostic species of the order and class are: Viola reichenbachiana, Aremonia agrimonioides, Anemone nemorosa, Crocus vernus, Geum urbanumand other (Tab. 1). The belt of mountain pine on researched profile of Crvanj Mt. is completely absent.Terminal forest border is built up of subalpine beech community. Mountain pine community was developed on this profile (Murbeck,1891), but during the past is completely destroyed to. |
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S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 The analysis of floral elements spectrum– Analiza spektra flornih elemenata In the structure of forest vegetation 135 plant species have been found (Graph 1).The richest is thermophillos community Quercetum petraeae-cerrisand Querco-Carpinetum. Going to colder habitats in higher position number of plant species has decreasing tendency (Graph 1). The 14 categories of floral elements have been found in floristic composition of forest communities on the Crvanj Mt. (Tab. 2). To Dinaric floral element belongs only one species found in the association Quercetum petraeae-cerris. Species of Balkan floral element are present in all asso- Graph 1.Number of plant species of the forest communites of Crvanj Mt. Grafikon 1Broj vrsta biljaka u zajednicama šuma Crvanj planine ciations with interval of 5 % (Quercetum petraeae-cer-The presence of these floral elements shows the siris) to the 10 % (Phyteumo-Fagetum). Species of south-gnificant difference in comparision to forest communi- European distribution are dominant Seslerio-Fagetum sylvaticae. Table 2.Floral elements spectrum Tablica 2Spektar flornih elemenata NoFloral elements No of species Proportion (%) 1Alps-pralp-arctics42.96 2Balcans64.44 3Circumboreals10.74 4Dinarics10.74 5SE Europas53.70 6Euroassian-submediterranean1511.11 7Euroassian-subocenics1914.07 8Euroassian-submediterranean53.70 9Continentals1813.34 10Mediterraneans21.48 11Submediterraneans1914.07 12Subatlantics1914.07 13NE -euroassiacs118.16 14Prealpines107.42 Total:135100 in the ass. ties from of Euroasian wide area (Korotkov&al., 1990; Rodwell&al., 1991; Wallnofer&al., 1993;Solomakha,1966). The species with subalpine floral element show significant increa sing in spectrum, with increase of altitude.They are most abundant in the association of subalpine beech forests (29 %). Similar relations ha ve been found in species of Euroasiatic- suboceanic floral element. With decrease of altitude, number of species of northeastern-Euroasia tic and sub-Mediterranean floral ele ment increases. Sub-Atlantic floral elements is most abundant in mountain beech forests. The analisys of floral elements spectrum as well as other investigated parameters show intermediate character of beech forest communities developed on Crvanj Mt. in re |
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S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 SAŽETAK: Istraživani su obrasci bioraznolikosti zajednica šumske vegetacije na vertikalnom profilu planine Crvanj u Hercegovini (od Uloga do Zimomora – vrha planine Crvanj). Šumska vegetacija predstavljena je sa sljedećim zajednicama:Quercetum petraeae-cerrisB. Jovanović (1960) 1979 subas.seslerietosum autumnalissubas. nova; Lathyro nigeri-Quercetum cerrisnomen nov hoc loco (Syn.:Quercetum petraeae-cerris “mediterraneo-montanum”Lakušić et Kutleša 1977, Aceri-Carpinetum orientalisBlečić et Lakušić 1966 iz sveze Quercion petraeae-cerris[(Lakušić 1976) Lakušić et Jovanović 1980] Čarni et al. 2009 iCarpinion orientalisBlečić et Lakušić 1966;Querco-Carpinetum betuliHorvat 1938 emend Blečić 1958 subas.quercetosum cerrisStefanović 1964 aposeriosum foetidaefacies nov. iz sveze Erythronio-Carpinion betuli(Horvat 1958) Marinček in Mucina et al. 1993;Lathyro verni-Fagetum sylvaticaeRedžić 2007 nom. nov (Syn.:Fagetum moesiacae montanumBlečić et Lakušić 1970), Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum sylvaticaeBlečić et Lakušić 1970 corr. hoc loco i Phyteumo spicatae-Fagetum sylvaticaeBarudanović 2003 corr. hoc loco (Syn.: Aceri-Fagetum subalpinumFukarek et Stefanović 1958 emend Fukarek 1969) (alliance Seslerio-FagionNomen nov hoc loco (Syn.:Fagion moesiacaeBlečić et Lakušić 1970). Sve biljne zajednice su hemikriptofitsko- fanerofitskog karaktera sa značajnim učešćem geofita. Balkanski, dinarski i jugoistočno-evropski florni elementi značajno diferenciraju ove zajednice od srodnih šumskih zajednica drugih područja Dinarida. Ključne riječi:Balkan, Crvanj planina, Hercegovina, Querco-Fagetea, Sintaksonomija, Šumska vegetacija |
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S. Redžić, S. Barudanović: THE PETTERNS OF DYVERSITY OF FORESTVEGETATION OF THE CRVANJ ...Šumarski list br. 5–6, CXXXIV (2010), 261-274 lation to communities of alliances Aremonio-Fagion andSeslerio-Fagion. However, significant presence of species with Balkan and sub-Meditettanean floral element leads to posi- Analysis of life forms spectrum Comparative analysis of the life forms spectrum (Tab. 3) show the significant decrease of phanerophytes with increase of altitude. Most of the analyzed associations have high level of hemicryptophyte-phanerophitic species presence, what is caused by influence of temperate continental climate (Redžić&Barudanović, 1991;Redžić&al., 1987;Redžić,1988). Ass.Seslerio-Fagetumhas phanerophyte-hemicryptophytic character, what is expression of polidominant structure and relict character of community.The community Aceri-Fagetumhas hemicryptophyte-geophytic character, what indicates relatively high level of air hu tioning of these forests within other communities ofSe- slerio-Fagionalliance (Tab. 2). – Analiza spektra životnih formi Table 3.Plant life form spectrum Tablica 3Spektar životnih formi biljaka Plant life form Numberof species Proportion (%) P– Phanerophytae3324.44 Ch– Chamaephytae107.41 H– Hemicryptophytae6447.41 G– Geophytae2720.00 T– Therophytae10.74 Total:135100 midity during the vegetation period, as well as unfavourable thermic conditions of habitat (Tab. 3). CONCLUSION – Zaključak Forest vegetation of Crvanj Mt. has broadleaved character. In the hilly belt forest with Quercus petraea andQuercus cerrisare dominant. However, in mountain and subalpine vegetation beltFagus sylvaticadominate. In phytocoenological sense, researched forests belong toQuerco-FageteaClass and act as important part of beech forests diversity on DinaricAlps. Special value, both for local and regional biodiversity, have communities of Quercion petraeae- cerrisalliance, as well as endemorelicts Aceri-Fagetumand Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum sylvaticae. Acknowledgements– This investigation is part of project: “Obrasci ekološko- sintaksonomskog diverziteta u procjeni stanja i nosivog kapaciteta ekosistema životne sredine” Ministry of According to EUNIS habitat classification, researched communities are developed on habitats with special value for conservation of European biodiversity. On Crvanj Mt.are habitats of many rare, endemic and treathened species such asHelleborus multifidus, Helleborus purpurascens, Iris graminea, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus colurna, Rhamnus fallax, Sesleria autumnalis, Galanthus nivalis, Convallaria maialisand other important species for biodiversity Dinaric and European wide area. Zahvalnica Education and Sciences, Canton Sarajevo, Federation of BiH, Bosnia and Herzegovina (02-05-16280-9.18a/07 od 07.06.2007). REFERENCE – Literatura Ak (1967):Atlas klime SFR Jugoslavije. Hidrometereološke službe SFRJ, Beograd. Barudanović,S., (2003): Ekološko-vegetacijska di ferencijacIja lišćarsko-listopadnih šuma plani neVranice. Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Sara jevu (doktorska disertacija). Barudanović,S., S.Redžić,(2007): Forest ecosystems of mountainVranica with priority in programmes of conservation. Scientific conference: „Management of forest ecosystems in national parks and other protected areas”, Jahorina-Tjentište. Proceedings of papers, 87–93. Beck,G., (1909): Flora Bosne, Hercegovine i Novopazarskog Sandžaka. Glasnik Zemaljskog muze ja. BiH, II (5) 21: 135–166. Beck,G., (1916): Flora Bosne, Hercegovine i Novopazarskog Sandžaka II (7). 28: 41–168. Beck,G., K.Maly, Ž.Bjelčić,(1967): Flora Bos ne i Hercegovine. Sympetalae, 2. Zemaljski mu zej BiH, Prirodnjačko odjeljenje, Special issue, 2: 5–110. Blečić, V.,(1958): Šumska vegetacija i vegetacija ste na i točila. Glasnik Prirodnjačkog muzeja, Beo grad, ser. B, 11: 5–108. Blečić,V.,R.Lakušić,(1970): Der Urwald “Biograd ska Gora” in Gebirge Bjelasica in Montenegro. Radovi ANUBiH, Odjeljenje Prirodnih nauka, posebno izdanje, 15 (4). Braun-Blanquet,J., (1964): Pflanzensoziologie. Springer Verlag, Wien –NewYork. |
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