DIGITALNA ARHIVA ŠUMARSKOG LISTA
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| ŠUMARSKI LIST 11-12/2010 str. 57 <-- 57 --> PDF |
P. Kovácsová, M. Antalová: PRECISION FORESTRY – DEFINITION AND TECHNOLOGIES Šumarski list br. 11–12, CXXXIV (2010), 603-611 2.4. GIS (Geographic Information System) – Geografski informacijski sustav GIS is a spatial information system that comprises out of four basic elements; hardware, software, data and user. By capturing, storing, checking, manipulating and analyzing the terrain information related to spatial and geographic distribution it can export all kinds of data and graphs, and provide a series of helpful documents and plans for the decision maker (L i et al. 2000). This system can accommodate large amounts of data. GIS operates with variety of data types such as maps, images, digital products, GPS, text data and tabular data, all of which can be received from multiple sources. There is possibility to create large databases from gaining and measuring data which are joined with vector and raster formats. These outputs provide us specific images and maps such as Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), Topographic Line Maps (TLMs), Contours, Shaded Relief, Slope & Aspect and Thematic Maps. The outputs are results of respective analyzes, such as Image analysis, Distance analysis, Spatial analysis, Geostatisticals analysis, Surface analysis, ect. Related to other tools, GIS as software is very significant. This software can be integrated into handheld computers used for fieldwork and obtains information directly from outside. GIS has one important advantage – it is possible to create networks of GIS, which allows quick access to data and information. 2.5. DSS (Decision support systems) – Sustavi za potporu odlučivanju They are specific software solutions, which have been developed for solving specific problems and offer forecast and factually information. Advantage of decision support systems is that it can be joined with GIS by which we can improve results. At present, there have been some decision support systems which dealt with predicting road networks, forest operation planning, forest inventory and others types of solutions. All of them are based on algorithms by which the solution and forecast is reached, and subsequently visualized. In Slovakia at the Technical University in Zvolen there were OHTS (optimal harvesting and logging technology selection) model created, which were used for selection of optimal timber harvesting and logging machinery and technology; also FFRA model (Forest Fire Risk Assessment) is used for fire risk analysis which is significant part of the fire warning system. These DDSs were developed in NetWeaver environment and EMDS (Ecosystem Management Decision Support) environment and subsequently linked up with GIS. OHTS model is based on the assessment of ecological criteria like the terrain accessibility, the skidding distance, the erosion caused by logging, the cutting method, the soil capacity, the forest stand structure, the trucks loading places and on the assessment of economical and ergonomic criteria. The results of model assessment (digital or printed maps representing the appropriateness of each machinery/technology used on each forest stand), using the OHTS model, can be used by forest planners, mainly for operational and tactical planning of timber harvesting and logging activities in the forest (Tuček and Majlingová 2010, Suchomel and Balenová 2009). FFRA (Forest Fire Risk Assessment) model is based on existing methodology, which can be implemented to Decision support software. Methodology is based on two types of analyzes. In the first type, the forest fire risk is described by means of probability, the assumed disturbance of the forest (based on its species composition) in the age (t) during a common year. In the second type of analyzes, the influence of relevant geographic factors (elevation, slope, aspect, the nearest road distance, the nearest settlement and urbanized area distance) is tested against the fire occurrence. To use it, you have to acquire the data about burned out forest areas by processing records about fires in forest stands of the analyzed area in order to calculate the probabilities reporting the assumed disturbance of the forest. The results can be implemented also to forest management planning as a measure for reducing the vulnerability of the forest in the future. (Tuček and Majlingová 2010). Among decision support systems file growth simulator software can be stipulated, which is implemented in forestry and ecology. In Slovakia there has been developed a growth simulator with entitled SYBILA which provides the advantage of an individual tree modelling approach. The model is able to predict forest development under the consideration of a wide range of input parameters. The growth simulator has already been successfully applied for the simulation of the impact of climate change and differently type of forest calamity on the development of Slovak forests (Fabrika et al. 2008). This model can be implemented into current forestry practice as a tool for decision support. Also, other European countries have some famous growth simulator software such as SILVA, MOSES, FOREST, STAND PROGNOSIS MODEL, BWIM and CORKFITS. These software solutions are very accurate and they have been constantly improved. Precision forestry and all its tools provide many advantages to foresters, forest owners and wood processing industries and others. |