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IZVORNI I ZNANSTVENI ČLANCI – ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERS Šumarski list br. 1–2, CXXXV (2011), 139-152 UDK 630* 187 (001) NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OFTHE Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae Domac (1956) 1965ASSOCIATION AND COMPARISON TO MEDITERRANEAN FORESTS DOMINATED BY Pinus nigra Arn. s.l. NUMERIČKA I FITOSOCIOLOŠKAANALIZAZAJEDNICE Junipero sibiricae -pinetum dalmaticae Domac(1956) 1965 TE USPOREDBA S MEDITERANSKIM ŠUMAMAS DOMINANTNOM VRSTOM Pinus nigra Arn. s.l. Zorana SEDLAR*, Vladimir HRŠAK*, Renata ŠOŠTARIĆ* SUMMARY: This study analyses the ecological and syntaxonomical characteristics of theJunipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticaeDomac(1956) 1965 association. This association is present only on higher altitudes of Biokovo Mountain situated on the eastern Adriatic coast. With its highest peak at an altitude of 1,762m, Biokovo is one of the hotspots of plant endemism in Croatia. It is highly influenced by the Mediterranean climate which is expressed up to the higher parts of the mountain, although, due to its height, it has weakened montane and alpine conditions on the peaks. According to the present syntaxonomical solution, the researched association belongs to the submediterranean alliance Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis in the Quercetalia pubescentisorder in the Querco-Fageteaclass. Numerical and syntaxonomical analyses suggest thatJunipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticaeon Biokovo differs from all other Dalmatian pine vegetation types. Cluster analysis, Indicator species analysis together with Nonmetric multidimensional scaling used to compare it to forests dominated by Pinus nigras.l. from other Mediterranean areas (Greece, Iberian peninsula, Corsica and Sicily) suggested it should be classified in thePino-Junipereteaclass, theJuniperetalia haemisphaericaeorder, and the eastern Mediterranean Berberidocraeticae-Juniperion foetidissimae alliance. The resemblance of Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticaewith eastern Mediterranean associations and its inclusion into mentioned syntaxa is confirmed phytosociologically and ecologically. Key words: Biokovo Mountain, multivariate analysis, Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica, syntaxonomy Abbreviations:ISA(Indicator Species Analysis), IV (Indicator Value), NMS (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling), p (Probability) INTRODUCTION – Uvod Black pine (Pinus nigraArn.) is present in the Medi-days relegated to more vegetation zones, vertical belt terranean in several subspecific taxa and mostly forms and phytogeographical areas. However, they are mostly pure, but sometimes also, mixed forests with other broa-present in supra- and oromediterranean belt. Black pine, dleafed trees and conifers (Regato &al. 1995).The as a Mediterranean taxon, and habitats dominated by it communities dominated by Pinus nigra s.l. are nowa-are distributed in the Mediterranean on a wide area. They are in relatively small and, in between, isolated * Zorana Sedlar, dipl. ing., prof. dr. sc. Vladimir Hršak, areas surrounded by other types of vegetation (Berg doc. dr. sc. Renata šoštarić Marulićev trg 20/ Prirodoslovno-ma meier 1990;Van Haverbeke 2009). Eve ry wider tematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu,10000 Zagreb, e-mail: zorana@lipa.botanic.hr area, inside the total geographical distribution, has its |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 own special endemic taxon fromPinus nigras.l. complex and can be rich in endemics (Brullo &al. 2001). The size of the Mediterranean basin and the geographical isolation of its islands and peninsulas drove to massive speciation process among the species forming in the high mountain vegetation.The biodiversity of Mediterranean orophilous communities is thus among the highest in Europe.This is why many local species enter into speces assemblage of syntaxa of eachPinus nigrasubspecies, as do species from neighbouring vegetation type. In the Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae Domac (1956) 1965 association species enter most frequently from Quercetalia pubescentis Br.Bl. (1931) 1932 order. Black pine forests often have in their structure a great number of species which grow on screes and rocks than zonal vegetation (Bergmeier 1990). This is why communities of different Mediterranean areas, formed by black pine, have low number of matching species and more expressed local floristic features than it is the case with zonal and other types of vegetation (Bergmeier 1990).The syntaxonomic classification is very difficult and an object of different discussions and different syntaxonomic solutions because of these reasons (Rivas-Martínez 1964; Domac 1965; Horvat &al. 1974; Trinajstić 1977, 1986, 1990, 1998; Bergmeier 1990; 2002; Rivas-Martínez &al. 1999;Brullo&al.2001). In classification of black pine forests there are several different concepts. The first concept is taking a pure numeric proportion of species from different syntaxa with which black pine forests adjoins as a classification basis for a higher level of syntaxa.According to this concept it is attempted to classify black pine forests into an existing higher level syntaxon or to present it as a subassociation or a facies of a neighbouring association which has the most matching species in species assemblage. The second concept introduces habitat differentiation, ecological and structural characteristics which make numeric part of different syntaxa relative. The third concept is to give greater meaning to the supraregional characteristics, of termophillous pine forests at merging to higher level syntaxa (Bergmeier 1990). Example for this concept is Erico-Pinetea Horvat 1959 class and lower syntaxa (Horvat 1959). Pinus nigrasubsp.dalmatica(Vis) Franco is an endemic taxon distributed on the coast, on some islands of southern Dalmatia and on the southern slopes of the DinaricAlps at altitudes from 350 to 1,000 m and is one of the Mediterranean taxa of the Pinus nigra s.l. complex (Bogunić &al. 2003;Isajev &al. 2004; Pignatti 2005). It is a woody phanerophyte of the northeastern eurimediterranean, found in drier areas (Pignatti 2005). It is also an Illyrian floral element (Pignatti 1982a). The distribution area of Dalmatian pine is spread over altitudes between 300 and 1,400m and is divided into two parts: the Biokovo Mountain part and the coastal part (Trinajstić1986). Dalmatian pine vegetation is mostly found in forms of different stages of degradation ofQuercus ilexL. vegetation, mostly garrigues (Stefanović 1977).The largest complexes of Dalmatian pine vegetation are on the islands of Brač, Hvar, and Korčula and on the Pelješac peninsula (Figure 1), at altitudes between 300 and 750 metres. Here, they are situated in the Mediterranean region in both eumediterranean and submediterranean vegetation zo nes. Dalmatian pine vegetation is situated on Biokovo Mountain mostly in the northwestern part of the mountain and is divided into two altitudinal parts: an upper part at an altitude of 1,100-1,400 m, and a lower one at an altitude of 500-900 m (Domac 1961/62). Until now, researchers have encountered problems connected to the typology of Dalmatian pine vegetation. It was often described as a unique type of vegetation (Beck-Mannagetta 1901; Horvatić 1928; Horvat 1950, 1954). Horvat 1950 and 1954 even marked it as a separate association with its temporary name “Pinetum dalmaticae”, but made no further attempt at syntaxonomical analysis. Later,Horvatić 1958 defined Dalmatian pine vegetation only as the degradation stages of different associations and gave them a subassociation and facies level (Genisto-Ericetum verticillatae pinetosum dalmaticaeHorvatić 1958,Erico-Rosmarinetum pinetosum dalmaticae Horvatić 1958, Stipo-Salvietum officinalis pinetosum dalmaticae Horvatić 1958, Orno-Quercetum ilicis pinosum dalmaticae Horvatić1958). In contrast, Trinajstić 1977 named a new, higher level,syntaxa, found on the island of Hvar and des cribed as Erico manipuliflorae-Pinetum dalmaticae Trinajstić 1977 and in 1986 another association from the islands of Korčula and Brač,Querco ilicis-Pinetum dalmaticaeTrinajstić 1986. The research and classifications of Horvatić 1958 andTrinajstić 1977, 1986 and 1990 do not include the area of Biokovo Mountain.The only attempt to describe and classify Dalmatian pine vegetation on Biokovo Mountain was made by Domac in 1965. He takes the syntaxa from Horvatić 1958 into consideration and describes a new association, found on the higher part of Biokovo Mountain, asJunipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticaeDomac1965, classifying it into the deciduous submediterranean Quercetalia pubescentis order, the Querco-FageteaBr.-Bl. et Vlieger 1937 class. This review shows that the syntaxonomy of the Dalmatian pine vegetation is not simple, although it takes up a relatively small area. It shows that there are no |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 Figure 2.Cluster analysis dendrogram divided into 7 groups according to ISAanalysis results. Slika 2. Dendrogram klasterske analize podijeljen u 7 grupa prema rezultatima ISA analize. Hvar and Brač, at altitudes of 300-500 m. Those tudes of 460-900 m a.s.l and the author classified them as relevés are classified by the author asOrno-Quercetum Seslerio-Ostryetum carpinifoliae pinetosum dalmaticae. ilicis pinosum dalmaticaefor the first five relevés, and Cluster 3 comprises relevés taken only on the island of asErico-Rosmarinetum pinetosum dalmaticae. Brač at altitudes of 600-740 m. One relevé was made by In cluster 2, there are six relevés, three from the island Horvatić 1958 and the rest by Domac 1965.Altitudes vary of Brač and three from the lower part of Biokovo Moun-between 600 and 740 m. Both authors determined the tain.All the relevés were taken by Domac 1965 at alti-relevés as the Stipo-Salvietum officinalis pinetosum dal |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 unique syntaxonomic solutions, that the Dalmatian pine vegetation on Biokovo Mountain is different from all similar vegetation types in the region and that the relation to similar vegetation is questionable, as is its syntaxonomical position. This study was therefore made to research the syntaxonomical and ecological position of theJunipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae association on Biokovo Mountain and its relation to other types of Dalmatian pine vegetation and black pine vegetation from other Mediterranean areas. MATERIALSAND METHODS– Materijal i metode Study area – Područje istraživanja The study area is situated in Croatia, the central Dalmatia region, between N43°27’36”, E16°08’34.2” and N42°43’47.9”, E17°49’42.8”.The geological base of the islands, the peninsula and Biokovo Mountain is carbonate, Mesozoic limestone and dolomite (Cvitanović1974). Biokovo Mountain rises from the sea coast and runs parallel with it up to a height of 1,700m (highest peak at 1,762 m).The altitude of the coastal side slope is between 500 and 1,100 m and is very steep with many vertical cliffs. Above that height there is an undulating karst plateau. In this zone on karst ridges and exposed habitats Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae is found. The islands of Hvar, Brač, and Korčula and the Pelješac peninsula also have hills, but of lower altitudes than Biokovo: the highest peak of the island of Hvar is at 628 m, that of the island of Brač is at 778 m, the island of Korčula’s highest peak measures 569 m, and the highest peak of the Pelješac peninsula rises to 961 m. The climate in this area is basically Mediterranean with an expressed summer drought. On higher parts, of course, lower temperatures and less expressed drought occur.The higher parts of Biokovo have an alpine climate, but the Mediterranean summer drought still occurs to some degree.The continental slope of Biokovo is also exposed to the effect of the continental climate which is not present on the islands of Hvar, Brač and Korčula and on the Pelješac peninsula. Biokovo is one of the hotspots of plant endemism in Croatia. Together with Velebit Mountain, the coastal area of Dubrovnik and Quarnero islands, this is an area with a high concentration of endemic and subendemic plant taxa. Out of more than 1,500 plant taxa present, on the mountain area alone there are more than 30 endemic (Borzan & al. 1992). For this high endemism rate there are several reasons. Biokovo is quite isolated from other mountains of the DinaricAlps, separated on the coastal side by the sea and on the continental side by a wide plane.Another reason for the high number of endemic plant species is the mountain relief which allows for the existence of different types of habitats and specific edaphic and microclimatic characteristics.This relief even causes the isolation of different habitats on the mountain (Kušan 1969). Biokovo is also on the boundary of two phytogeographical regions: the Mediterranean region and partly the Eurosiberian- Northamerican region (Trinajstić 1986). This also explains the presence of a large number of species from both regions which enlarge the plant diversity on Biokovo. Such specific phytogeographycal features give good reason to expect specific types of vegetation on Biokovo. Data collection – Prikupljanje podataka The data used in this study were taken from the publications of Domac 1965,Trinajstić 1986 and1990 and Horvatić 1958. Domac 1965 made the most comprehensive research of the distribution area of Dalmatian pine by taking a total of 41 phytosociological relevés in Dalmatian pine vegetation on the Dalmatian islands of Hvar (7 relevés) and Brač (14 relevés), on the Pelješac peninsula (4 relevés) and Biokovo Mountain (16 relevés).Trinajstić 1986 and 1990 took relevés of Dalmatian pine vegetation on the islands of Brač (13 relevés), Hvar (3 relevés), Korčula (5 relevés) and on the Pelješac peninsula (4 relevés). Horvatić 1958 took 6 relevés on the island of Hvar. Our study is mostly based on the studies done by Domac 1965 and Trinajstić 1986 and 1990. Figure 1 shows the area where Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica vegetation was researched. Relevés taken by Domac 1965 contain altitude data, but others do not. However, the mentioned islands have relatively low peaks so the altitudes are not different from those measured by Domac. On the island of Hvar, the altitudes of the relevés vary from 300 to 480m, on the island of Brač the relevé altitudes vary from 400 to 740m, and for the peninsula of Pelješac they vary from 500 to 800m. For the island of Korčula, there were no measured altitudes, but its highest peak is in the range of the altitudes of the relevés taken on the other islands. Domac 1965 made his relevés on Biokovo Mountain at altitudes between 560 and 900 m and between 1,180 and 1400 m. The relevés taken by Domac 1965,Trinajstić 1986 and 1990 and Horvatić 1958 were made based on the Braun-Blanquet method using the classic abun dan ce/ cover scale proposed by Braun-Blanquet (BraunBlanquet1964). Tocompare the species composition with vegetation dominated by the black pine in other parts of Mediter |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 Figure 1.Geographical position of the study area. Islands of Brač (1), Hvar (2), Korčula (3), the Pelješac Peninsula (4) and Biokovo Mountain (5). Slika 1. Zemljopisni položaj proučavanih područja. Otoci Brač (1), Hvar (2), Korčula (3), poluotok Pelješac (4) Biokovo (5). ranean we used data from Dalmatia, Eastern, Central and West Mediterranean taken from Bergmeier 1990 and 2002,Brullo &al. 2001Sánchez-Gómez & Data processing – The relevé table based on the Braun-Blanquet scale was transformed into a data matrix using theVan der Maarel 1979 ordinal transformation for further statistical analysis.The table was purified before transformation by removing species with only one and two appearances, thus reducing the total number of species from 239 to 193 species.A cluster analysis was performed on this data matrix using the Bray-Curtis distance (Bray & Curtis 1957) as a resemblance measure, and the UPGMA(group average) linkage as clustering method. Indicator species analysis (Dufrene &Legendre 1997) was then performed on the groups defined by the clustering results to obtain the optimal number of clusters. Relevés were clustered into a different number of clusters (3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 15) using a cluster dendrogram.The optimal number of Results – According to the ISA analysis and its method of dendrogram pruning, the obtained optimal number of clusters was 7. Figure 2 represents the group average clustering dendrogram divided according to this result. In our research, on these newly formed clusters we can distinguish different syntaxa, determined by the relevé authors and grouped in clusters based on the cluster analysis and ISA. Inspection of this dendrogram shows a clear separation of the cluster marked as number 7, which includes relevés of the higher (1150–1400 m) parts of Biokovo, Alcaraz 1992.As in all mentioned areas, from which data was taken, there is a different taxon of Pinus nigra complex.All were treated as one taxonPinus nigras.l. Obrada podataka clusters in the cluster analysis was obtained using the lowest average probability value, computed in separate indicator species analyses for each number of clusters (McCune & Grace 2002). The probability value was computed using the Monte Carlo permutation test with 4999 random permutations. Species with indicator values over 50.0 (IV> 50) and a probability level under 0.05 (p<0.05) were then marked as indicator species (McCune & Grace 2002). Synoptic table with combined data from Dalmatia and other parts of Mediterranean was used to make data matrix on which Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) using the Bray-Curtis distance (Bray &Curtis 1957) as a resemblance measure was performed. Numerical analyses were done using PCOrd 5.0 software (McCune & Mefford1999). Rezultati taken by Domac 1965 and phytosociologically defined as theJunipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae association. This cluster is separated at the beginning of clustering and is completely distinguished from all other relevé groups. The syntaxonomical classification of relevés from cluster 7 is the object of this research. Clusters 1-6 are separated on the other side and are composed of relevés from the coastal part of the Dalmatian pine distribution area and of three relevés from the lower part of Biokovo Mountain.Cluster 1 comprises relevés taken by Domac 1965 on the islands of |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 maticaesubassociation.This is the only cluster syntaxonomically classified into the grassland order and class. In cluster 4 there are 8 relevés, three made by Domac 1965 on the Pelješac peninsula and five taken by Horvatić 1958 on the island of Hvar. Seven relevés are classified asGenisto-Ericetum verticillatae pinetosum dalmaticae, taken at 500-800 m, and only one relevé asErico-Rosmarinetum pinetosum dalmaticae, taken at 300 m. Cluster 5 comprises sixteen relevés made byTrinajstić 1986 and 1990 on the Pelješac peninsula and on the islands of Hvar and Brač, and one relevé made by Domac 1965 on the Pelješac peninsula. The sixteen relevés in this cluster were taken and classified byTrinajstić as Erico manipuliflorae-Pinetum dalmaticae. The relevé taken by Domac was classified asGenisto- Ericetum verticillatae pinetosum dalmaticae. Cluster 6 includes relevés taken and classified byTrinajstić 1986 and 1990 on the islands of Brač and Korčula. He classified them asQuerco ilicis-Pinetum dalmaticae. The results of the indicator species analysis are shown inTable 1. Two species have the maximal possible indicator value (IV=100) for cluster 7 from the cluster analysis, Juniperus communis L. ssp. nana Syme andSesleria robustaSchott,Nyman&Kotschy. Junipero Table 1. Indicator species for cluster 7 with an indicator value (IV) higher than 50 and p lower than 0.05 for sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticaedetermined using ISA Tablica 1. Indikatorske vrste za klaster 7 s indikatorskom vrijednosti (IV) većom od 50 i p nižim od 0,05 za Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticaeodređen korištenjem ISA metode Species Observed indicator value (IV) IV from randomised groups Mean S.Dev p * Arenaria serpyllifolia L. 53,8 9,6 4,99 0,0002 Asplenium ruta-muraria L. 53,8 9,6 5,23 0,0002 Asplenium trichomanes L. 53,8 9,5 5,14 0,0004 Cerastium grandiflorumWaldst. & Kit Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. ssp. adriaticum (Beck) Margr. Juniperus communis L. ssp. nana Syme. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. 69,2 69,2 100 84,6 10,1 10,1 11,3 10,6 4,88 5,03 4,81 4,9 0,0002 0,0002 0,0002 0,0002 Polygala vulgaris L. 92,3 10,8 4,74 0,0002 Sesleria robusta Schott, Nyman &Kotschy 100 11,2 4,84 0,0002 Figure 3 represents the result of Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination scatterplot using Bray Curtis as distance measure.The data that entered this analysis came from releves of different local associations from all round Mediterranean (Dalmatian coast, Greece, Iberian Peninsula and Corsica and Sicily, all belonging to Pino-Juniperetea class). Associations are clearly divided into three groups.They are divided biogeographically, as the western, central and eastern group of their Mediterranean distribution of Pinus nigra s.l. (Van Haverbeke 2009). On NMS scatterplot the associations are grouped the same way. Group 1consists of associations from Dalmatia and Greece and as such makes the eastern biogeographical group. In this group there are also, and very close ordinated together, Ju nipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae and Seslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianae. Association Seslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianaeBarbéro & Quézel 1976 corr. Bergmeier 1990 was included by Bergmeier1990, and following Horvat’s 1959 concept, into alliance Orno-Ericion Horvatić 1959 and Erico- Pinetea class. In contrast, Brullo & al. 2001 considers that Seslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianae association should be classified into west Mediterranean classPinoJunipereteaRivas- Martínez1964. Group 2 consists of associations from Iberian peninsula and as such makes the western Mediterranean group. Group 3 makes the central Mediterranean group with associations from Sicily and Corsica. |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 Figure 3. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination scatterplot of forest vegetation dominated by Pinus nigra s.l. Slika 3. Ordinacijski dijagram raspršenja metode Nemetričko višedimenzionalno skaliranje (NMS) šumske vegetacije dominirane vrstomPinus nigra s.l. Legend/Legenda: JPd –Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae Domac(1956) 1965, SOpd –Seslerio-Ostryetum carpinifoliae pinetosum dalmaticaeHorvatić 1958, SSpd –Stipo-Salvietum officinalis pinetosum dalmaticaeHorvatić 1958, ERpd –Erico-Rosmarinetum pinetosum dalmaticaeHorvatić 1958, OQipd –Orno-Quercetum ilicis pinosum dalmaticae Horvatić 1958, GEvpd –Genisto-Ericetum verticillatae pinetosum dalmaticae Horvatić 1958, EmPd – Erico manipuliflorae-Pinetum dalmaticae Trinajstić 1977, QiPd – Querco ilicis-Pinetum dalmaticaeTrinajstić 1986, PcPn – Pyrolo chloranthae-Pinetum nigrae Bergmeier 2002, SrPp – Seslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianaeBarbéro et Quézel 1976 corr. Bergmeier 1990, FgPs – Festuco gautieri-Pinetum salzmanniiRegato 1992, JpPs –Junipero phoeniceae-Pinetum salzmanniiValle et al. 1988, Jptpc –Juniperetum phoeniceo-thuriferae pinetosum clusianae Sánchez-Gómezet Alcaraz 1992, HGpps –Hedero-Genistetum patentis pinetosum salzmannii Regato 1992, BQps –Bupleuro-Quercetum rotundifoliae pinetosum salzmanniiRegato et al. 1995, JnPl –Junipero nanae-Pinetum laricionisBrullo et al. 2001, JhPc –Junipero hemisphaericae-Pinetum calabricaeBrullo et Siracusa 2001). DISCUSSION– Rasprava According toDomac1965, Trinajstić1986 and there is also space for a detailed discussion. Our re1990 andHorvatić1958, all vegetation types found search has established thatJunipero sibiricae-Pinetum containing Dalmatian pine were syntaxonomically clas-dalmaticae is completely different by its species assified into the higher level syntaxa present in Croatia. semblage from all other communities dominated by For all types of forests dominated by Dalmatian pine, Dal matian pine. Domac1965 classified Junipero exceptJunipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae ,good ar-sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae into deciduous therguments can be found for such classification, although mophillous forests of theQuercetalia pubescentisorder, |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 and theCarpinion orientalisHorvat1958 alliance from Querco-Fagetea class, based on presence of more species from these syntaxa. However species from this order are present here with a low constancy. Further more,Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae is not a deciduous forest, it does not have deciduous tree species, and bushes are present with a low constancy. This association is rather dwarf shrub-like vegetation dominated by Dalmatian pine. Domac1965 specifiesPinus nigrasubsp.dalmatica and Sesleria robusta as characteristic species and Juniperus communis L. ssp. nana,Cerastium grandiflorum Waldst. & Kit. and Cynanchum adriaticum Beck (Fritsch) as differential species to differentiate this vegetation from others containing Pinus nigra subsp.dalmatica.All these species, except Dalmatian pine, have a high indicator value (IV) for the specific cluster in our analysis. In contrast,Pinus nigrasubsp. dalmaticadid not have any statistically significant indicator value because of its presence on both the coastal part and on Biokovo Mountain.Therefore, Dalmatian pine cannot be taken into account as a characteristic species for the Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticaeassociation. Trinajstić 1986 had a different approach. He classified Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae into Erico-Pineteaclass. Horvat 1958, while defining this class, made species composition more relative, by using mutual supraregional characteristics.Therefore he indicated as class’characteristic species ones also characteristic for other termophillous syntaxa. This way there are as much arguments for classifying Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae into Erico- Pinetea and Erico-Pinetalia as there are for Quercetalia pubescentis. Erico-Pinetea according to its concept comprises termophillous coniferous forests, but in a more continental areas without expressed summer drought, which is present near the coast where Biokovo mountain is situated. Similar concept represents Bergmeier 1990 who classified Seslerio robustae- Pinetum pallasianaealso intoErico-Pinetea. The ISA showed species of different distribution areas as indicator species.Juniperus communisL. ssp. nana reveals a eurasiatic distribution, and, in this study, is determined as one of the two most important indicator species. Several indicator species show rather montane and alpine conditions present in Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae habitats. Together with these species, there are three species of endemic chorotype (Pignatti 2005):Sesleria robusta, defined by Domac 1965 as characteristic, and Cynanchum adriaticum and Cerastium grandiflorum as differential species for this association. All three species are distributed on the coastal part of Croatia and DinaricAlps.Sesleria robustais, with the same indicator value (IV) and probability (p) value asJuniperus communisL. ssp.nana, the second most indicative species. Out of these two species, Sesleria robusta shows Mediterranean, andJuniperus communisL. ssp. nanaalpine characteristics.S. robustais a species of an endemic chorotype (Pignatti 2005). It is distributed in the central Mediterranean (Pignatti 1982b), and in central and southern Dalmatia (FCD 2007), which gives a Mediterranean ecological character to this association. On the other hand,Juniperus communis L. ssp. nana is an alpine species (Vidaković 1982).This suggests that the habitats ofJunipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae have both Mediterranean and alpine ecological characteristics on Biokovo Mountain. Based on these species and their characteristics, we decided to carry out a new approach for the syntaxonomical classification of Junipero sibiricae- Pinetum dalmaticae. In spite the fact there are not many floristic arguments, but accepting the concept of mutual ecological, bio geographical and structural characteristics, we believe that Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae should not be put inQuercetalia pubescentis, nor into Erico-Pinetea, but into Pino-Juniperetea class. This class was first described byRivas-Martínez 1964 in west Mediterranean and it comprises a group of orophilous woody communities dominated by gymnosperms occurring in Spain.The structure of this vegetation is generally consisted by tree layer with more or less open canopies, thick shrub layer, and rather poor species assemblage. It also has relic character (Pignatti 1985, 1998;Brullo &al. 2001). Nowadays more associationsare describedfromPino-Juni pe reteaclass,scattered throughout the Me diterranean area.Vegetation belonging to this class is on arid soil and is a final stage of climatogenous vegetation for southern Eurosiberian and Mediterranean areas (Rivas- Martínez &al.1991).Pino-Junipereteaclass consists of orophilous communities dominated by conifers and its range extends to the whole Mediterranean basin.Brullo &al. 2001have expanded the distribution area of thePino-Junipereteainto eastern Mediterranean describing the eastern Mediterranean alliance Berberido creticae-Juniperion foetidissimae Brullo & al. 2001 which is distributed in Greece, Cyprus and western and southern Anatolia. This alliance belongs to Juniperetalia haemisphaericae Ri vas- Martínez &Molina 1999 order distributed in central and eastern Mediterranean. Within the Pino-Juniperetea class the pioneer orophilous vegetation counts, in general, quite a low number of specialized species. In spite of this, the lack of character species is compensated by their high biogeographic significance and allegiance to a precise ecological context.Pino-Junipereteacommunities ac |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 cepta large number of endemics and these species contribute to territorial autonomy of these orophilous communities (Brullo & al.2001). The NMS in our study showed that according to species assemblage Seslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianae association is the most resembling with Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae . TheSeslerio robustae- Pinetum pallasianae association is a pioneer forest with a tree layer formed by a local subspecies of Pinus nigra s.l., P. nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe.The constant dwarf shrubJuniperus communisL. subsp.nanais dominant in the shrub la yer, while the grass species Sesleria robustais dominant in the ground layer, just as in the Dalmatian pine forests on Biokovo.This vegetation occurs on slopes at altitudes from 1,000 and 1,300 m. It is an open pinewood, primarily occurring on rocky soils (Brullo & al. 2001). It was previously classified to the Quercetalia pubescentis, as wasJunipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticaewhich shows similar conditions on habitats where these associations are found.According to Habitat Classification 2003, forests of Dalmatian pine and Pallas’s pine forests are both classified in the same classification group of Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines.These forests are of the montane- Mediterranean level, on dolomitic substrate dominated by pines of the Pinus nigra group. Both Pinus nigra subsp.pallasianaandPinus nigrasubsp.dalmaticaare said to be distributed on the Balkan area (Habitat Classification 2003) and appear morphologically and genetically quite similar (Isajev &al. 2004). Seslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianae is an association very similar toJunipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae with regard to ecological and phytogeographical attributes, but also concerning its characteristic species structure. This similarity can be explained by the fact that Biokovo is somewhat similar, in some aspects, to REFERENCES Beck-Mannagetta, G., 1901: Die Vegetationsverhältnisse der illyrischen Länder. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1–534. Bergmeier,E., 1990:Wälder und Gebüsche des Niederen Olymp (Káto Olimbos, NO-Thessalien). Ein Beitrag zur systematischen und orographischenVegetationsgliederung Griechenlands. Phytocoenologia, 18(2/3): 161–342., Stuttgart. Bergmeier,E., 2002:Plant communities and habitat differentiation in the Mediterranean coniferous woodlands of Mt. Parnon (Greece). Folia Geobotanica, 17: 309–331, Pruhonice. Bogunić,F., E.Muratović,S.C.Brown, S.Šiljak- Yakovlev,2003:Genome size and base composition of five Pinus species from the mountains outside the coastal DinaricAlps.The vegetation similarity and the analogy of the phytocenoses of Biokovo are especially distinct in comparison to mountains in Macedonia and Greece (Lovrić 1987) where the mentioned alliance is found. Because Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae is not climazonal vegetation, but rather a local association found in specific conditions, it is rather hard to classify it only by characteristic species. Characteristic species for such specific and locally distributed associations also have a local character, and are often endemic. Therefore, this association has been difficult to classify into the syntaxonomical systemonly according to the number of characteristic species. Other features, exceeding regional ones, should be included. These specific features are recognised in the Habitat Classification 2004 where Mediterranean endemic pines forest have a separate classification group. Our analysis suggests that the association Domac 1965 described is well defined and differs from other vegetation types with Dalmatian pine that occur in the Dalmatian area. However, based on floristic and ecological elements we consider that the association Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticaeshould be classified in the Pino-Juniperetea class, the Juniperetalia haemisphaericaeorder, the Berberido craeticae-Juniperion foetidissimae alliance. It can be expected that such a local vegetation type includes local endemic taxa, such as Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica regarding the phytogeographical particularity of Biokovo Mountain, andPinus nigrasubsp.pallasiana, of which both give their vegetation type special characteristics. Further more, classifying it intoPino-Junipereteaemphasises the relic character of the Mediterranean forests dominated byPinus nigras.l. which they without a doubt have (Brullo &al. 2001), whereas a classification into any other class would repress this aspect into the background. – Literatura Balkan region. Plant Cell Rep., 22: 59–63. Borzan,Ž., A-Ž.Lovrić,M. Rac, 1992:Croatian plant endems. In: Rauš Đ, editor. Forests of Croatia: 223–236. Šumarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu and Hrvatske šume, Zagreb: 223–236. Braun-Blanquet,J., 1964:Pflanzensoziologie. 3. Aufl.Springer Verlag, Wien, NewYork. Bray J.R., J.T. Curtis, 1957: An Ordination of the Upland Forest Communities of SouthernWisconsin. Ecological Monographs,Vol. 27 (4): 326–349. Brullo S., G.Giusso del Galdo,R.Guarino, 2001:The orophilous communities of the Pino- Juniperetea class in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean area. Feddes Repertorium, 112 (3–4): 261–308, Berlin. |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 CvitanovićA., 1974:Geografija SR Hrvatske, knji ga 6. Južno Hrvatsko primorje. Školska knjiga, Zagreb. Domac R., 1961/1962: Šume dalmatinskog crnog bora (Pinus dalmaticaVis. s.l.) na Biokovu. Acta bot. Croat., 20/21: 203–223, Zagreb. Domac R., 1965: Die Wälder der dalmatischen Schwarzföhre (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. dalmaticaVis. s.l.) in Jugoslawien. Ber. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stift. Rübel, 36: 103–116, Zurich. Dufrene M., P.Legendre, 1997:- Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs, 67: 345–366. FCD, Flora Croatica Database [Internet], ver. 2.0, 2007 Jan – [cited 2008 May 10]; Available from: http://hirc.botanic.hr/fcd/search.aspx Habitat classification [Internet], Interpretation manual of European Union habitats – EUR25. European commission DG environment. 2003Apr - [cited 2008 May 10].Available from: http://www.forestbiota. org/docs/eee_HabitatClassificationForest- BIOTA.pdf HorvatI., 1950:Šumske zajednice Jugoslavije, II izdanje, Nakladni zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb. Horvat I., 1954: Pflanzengeographische Gliederung Südosteuropas.Vegetatio, 5/6: 434–447. HorvatI., 1959:Sistematski odnosi termofilnih hrastovih i borovih šuma jugoistočne Europe. Biol. Glasn., 12: 1–40, Zagreb. Horvat I.,V. Glavač, H. Ellenberg, 1974:Vegetation Südosteuropas. Gustav FischerVerlag, Stuttgart. Horvatić S., 1928:Karakteristika flore i vegetacije krša. Šum. List ,10/11: 399–463, Zagreb. HorvatićS., 1958:Tipološko raščlanjenje primorske vegetacije gariga i borovih šuma. Acta bot. Croat., 17: 7–86, Zagreb. Isajev V., Fady B., Semerci H. &Andonovski V. 2004.Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for European black pine (Pinus nigra). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.Available from: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/ pdf/1035.pdf via the INTERNET. Accessed 2007 May 10. Kušan F.,1969:Biljni pokrov Biokova (flora i vegetacija), Prirodoslovna istraživanja 37, JAZU, Zagreb. Lovrić A-Ž., M. Rac,1987:Fitocenološka analiza vegetacije biokovskog područja – morske i kopnene fitocenoze. Acta Biokovica., IV: 97– 142, Makarska. McCuneB., J.B.Grace,2002:Analysis of Ecological Communities, MJM Software design, Gleneden Beach, USA. McCuneB., M.J. Mefford,1999:PC-ORD. MultivariateAnalysis of Ecological Data.Version 5.0, MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA. Pignatti S., 1982a: Flora d’Italia (vol. 1). Edagricole, Bologna. Pignatti S., 1982b: Flora d’Italia (vol. 3). Edagricole, Bologna. Pignatti S., 1985:The origin of the flora of Central Italy: 75-90. In:Pedrotti F.(ed.) Excursion International Phytosociologique 1982, Camerino. Pignatti S., 1998:Pinete alpine, appeniniche e dell’ Etna: 171-199. In: Pignatti S. (ed.): I Boschi d’ Italia, Torino. Pignatti S., 2005: Valori di bioinidicazione delle piante vascolari della flora d’Italia. Braun-Blanquetia, 39, Camerino. Regato P., J. Gamisans, M. Gruber 1995: A syntaxonomical study of Pinus nigra subsp. Salzmannii forests in the Iberian peninsula. Phytocoenologia, 25(4): 561–578, Berlin- Stuttgart. Rivas-Martínez S., 1964: Esquema de la vegetatión potential y su correspondencia con los suelos de la Espana peninsular. Anal. Inst. Bot. Cavanilles, 22: 341–405. Rivas-Martínez S., J.C.Báscones, T.E. Díaz, F.F. González,J. Loidi,1991: Vegetación del Perineo occidental y Navarra. Itinera Geobot., 5: 5–456, Leon. Rivas-Martínez S., F.Fernandez-Gonzalez, J.Loidi, 1999:Checklist of plant communities of Iberian Peninsula, Balearic and Canary Islands to suballiance level. Itinera Geobot., 13: 353–451, Leon. Sánchez-GómezP.,P.Alcaraz,1992:Novedades fitosociológicas presentes en el subsector subbetico- murciano (Espana).Annales de Biología,18 (BiologiaVegetal 7): 121–152, Murcia. Stefanović V., 1977:Fitocenologija sa pregledom šumskih fitocenoza Jugoslavije, IGKRO “Svjetlost”, I izdanje, Sarajevo. Trinajstić I., 1977:Osnovne značajke biljnog pokrova otoka Hvara i njegov fitogeografski položaj u okviru evropskog dijela Sredozemlja. Polj. Šum., 23 (4): 1–36,Titograd. Trinajstić I., 1986:Šume dalmatinskog crnog bora – Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. dalmatica (Vis) Franco – sredozemnog područja Hrvatske. Polj. Šum., 32 (1): 37–48,Titograd. |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 Trinajstić I., 1990:Šumska vegetacija otoka Brača. Glas. Šum. Pokuse, 26: 183–205, Zagreb. Trinajstić I., 1998:Fitogeografsko raščlanjenje klimazonalne šumske vegetacije Hrvatske. Šum. List, 9/10: 407–421, Zagreb. Van der Maarel E., 1979:Transformation of cover- abundance values in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity.Vegetatio, 39 (2): 97–114. Van Haverbeke D.F.,2009:European black pine. http://na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_ 1/pinus/nigra.htm via the INTERNET.Accessed 2009 October 23. Vidaković M., 1982: Conifers, monography and variation, Sveučilišna naklada Liber, Zagreb. Appendix1. Synoptic table of Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticaeDomac (1956) 1965 andSeslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianaeBarbéro et Quézel 1976 corr. Bergmeier 1990. Dodatak 1. Sintetska tablicaJunipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae Domac (1956) 1965 i Seslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianae Barbéroet Quézel 1976 corr. Bergmeier 1990. Junipero Seslerio sibiricae -robustae- Pinetum Pinetum dalmaticae pallasianae Number of releves 14 13 Dominant canopy species Pinus nigra s.l.A V V Char ass. Seslerio robustae- Pinetum pallasianae, Junipero-Pinetum dalmaticae Sesleria robusta C V V Juniperus communis subsp. nanaC V V Species of Pino-Juniperetea Juniperus sabinaC II . Char. alliance Berberido craeticae-Juniperion foetidissimae, Juniperetalia haemisphaericae, Pino-Juniperetea Chamaecytisus polytrichus . V Daphne oleoides . V Ferulago sylvatica . V Centaurea pindicola . IV Daphne blagayana . IV Trifolium alpestre II III Cardamine glauca . II Cytisus procumbens . II Aremonia agrimonioides . V Polygala nicaeensis . V Brachypodium sylvaticum . III Eryngium amethystinum . III Sanguisorba minor . III Lonicera etruscaB . II Teucrium chamaedrys I II Juniperus oxycedrusB . V Pinus nigra var caramaniycaA . V Pinus nigra var caramanicaB . V Pinus nigra var caramanicaC . V Crocus veluchensis . III Cyclamen hederifolium . III Doronicum orientale . III Galium rotundifolium . III Luzula forsteri . III Pteridium aquilinum . III Veronica chamaedrys . III Fragaria vesca I II Leontodon cichoriaceus . II Ranunculus sartorianus . II Char. ass. Seslerio-Ostryetum, Ostryo Carpinion, Quercetalia pubescentis, Querco-Fagetea Acer monspessulanumB II . Carex humilis II . Cnidium silaifolium II . Satureja montana II . Trifolium alpestre II . Colutea arborescensC I . Crataegus monogynaC I . Dorycnium germanicum I . Fraxinus ornusB I . Prunus mahalebB I . Rhamnus rupestrisB I I Sesleria autumnalis I . Char. ass. Stipo-Salvietum Salvia officinalis II . Char. class Brachypodio- Chrysopogonetea . Aethyonema saxatile IV I Bromus erectus IV . Sanguisorba muricata IV . Euphorbia myrsinites III . Brachypodium pinnatum II . Dorycnium herbaceum II . Sesleria juncifolia II . Globularia cordifolia II . Euphorbia spinosa I . Stachys subcrenata I . Teucrium montanum I . Species of screes and rocky habitats Cynanchum adriaticum IV . Asplenium ceterach III . Asplenium ruta muraria III . Asplenium trichomanes III . Campanula portenschlagiana III . Arabis muralis II . Inula verbascifolia II . Linaria cymbalaria II . Moltkia petraea II . Cephalaria leucantha I . Rumex scutatus I . shrubs Abies borissii regisA . V Quercus daleschampii . V |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 Rosa arvensis . IV Hieracium biokovoense II . Fagus sylvatica . III Hieracium psamogenes II . Abies borissii regisB . II Lathyrus pratensis II . Berberis cretica . II Lilium martagon subsp. cattaniae II . Crataegus orientalis . II Luzula multiflora II . Ilex aquifolium . II Poa bulbosa ssp. vivipara II . Erica arborea . I Poa pumila II . Rhamnus rupestris . I Ranunculus montanus subsp. Sorbus torminalis . I carinthiacus II . Thalictrum aquilegifolium II . Serpentin species Thymus balcanus II . Festuca callieri . III Tragopogon balcanicus II . Anthemis cretica . II Valeriana tuberosa II . Asperula thessala . II Cerastium campanulatum I . Asyneuma linifolium . II Leontodon crispus I . Centaurea grisebachii . II Medicago orbicularis I . Cuscuta epithymum . I Ononis spinosa I . Danthonia alpina . I Plantago lanceolata I . Thymus candilicus . I Rhamnus fallaxC I . Forest species Rhamnus saxatilisC I . Lathyrus alpestris . IV Veronica dentata subsp. austriaca I . Luzula sylvatica . IV Genista carinalis . V Potentilla micrantha . IV Carlina acanthifolia . IV Silene multicaulis . IV Galium exaltata . IV Bromus benekenii . II Hieracium bauhinii . IV Limodorum abortivum . II Platanthera chlorantha . IV Physospermum cornubiense . II Thymus sibthorpii . IV Primula vulgaris . II Viola riviniana . IV Comp. Anthoxanthum odoratum . II Bunium montanum V . Brachypodium rupestre . II Muscari botryoides V . Briza media . II Polygala vulgaris V . Campanula spathulata subsp. Cerastium grandiflorum IV . sprunerana . II Arenaria serpyllifolia III . Carlina vulgaris . II Carduus candicans subsp. cyllindicus III . Centaurea deusta . II Cerastium viscosum III . Dactylis glomerata . II Festuca rubra subsp. fallax III . Dactylorhiza romana . II Lotus hirsutus III . Hieracium pilosella . II Satureja acinos III . Lilium chalcedonicum . II Trifolium pratense var. nivale III . Lychnis viscaria . II Armeria canescens II . Thesium linophyllon . II Asperula longifolia II . Veronica officinalis . II Appendix 2. Syntaxonomy of mentioned syntaxa. Dodatak 2. Sintaksonomija spomenutih sintaksona. Quercetea ilicisBr.-Bl. 1947 Quercetalia ilicisBr.-Bl. (1931) 1936 Quercion ilicisBr.-Bl. 1936 Orno-QuercetumilicispinosumdalmaticaeHorvatić 1958 Quercoilicis-PinetumdalmaticaeTrinajstić 1986 Bupleuro-Quercetumrotundifoliae(Br.-Bl. &O. deBolos1957) Rivas-Matrinez1982pinetosumsalzmanniiRegatoetal. 1995 Hedero-Genistetum patentisMateo 1983pinetosum salzmanniiRegato 1992 Erico-CisteteaTrinajstić 1985 Cisto-EricetaliaHorvatić 1958 Cisto-EricionHorvatić 1958 Erico-Rosmarinetum pinetosum dalmaticaeHorvatić 1958 Genisto-Ericetum verticillatae pinetosum dalmaticaeHorvatić 1958 Erico-PineteaHorvat 1959 Erico-PinetaliaHorvat 1959 Orno-EricionHorvat 1956 Erico manipuliflorae-Pinetum dalmaticaeTrinajstić 1977 |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 Querco-FageteaBr.-Bl. Et Vlieger 1937 Quercetalia pubescentisBr.-Bl. (1931) 1932. Carpinion orientalisHorvat (1954) 1959 Seslerio-OstryetumcarpinifoliaepinetosumdalmaticaeHorvatić 1958 Junipero sibiricae -Pinetum dalmaticae Domac(1956) 1965 Brachypodio-ChrysopogoneteaH-ić (1956) 1958 Scorzonero-ChrysopogonetaliaH-ić et Horv. (1956) 1958 Chrysopogoni-SatureionHorv. Et H-ić 1934 Stipo-SalvietumofficinalispinetosumdalmaticaeHorvatić 1958 Pino-JunipereteaRivas-Martinez 1964 Juniperetaliahaemisphaericae Rivas –Martínez & Molina 1999 Berberido creticae-Juniperion foetidissimae Brullo & al. 2001 Seslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianae Barbéro et Quézel 1976 corr. Bergmeier 1990 Berberidion aetnensisBrullo, Giusso et Guarino 2001 Pineion calabricaeBrullo, Giusso et Guarino 2001 Junipero hemisphaericae-Pinetum calabricae Brullo et Siracusa 2001 Roso-serafinii-Juniperion nanaeBrullo, Giusso & Guarino 2001 Junipero nanae-Pinetum laricionisBrullo et al. 2001 Pino-JuniperetaliaRivas-Matrinez 1964 Pino-Juniperion sabinaeRivas-Goday (1956) 1960 Festuco gautieri-Pinetum salzmanniiRegato 1992 Junipero phoeniceae-Pinetum salzmannii Valle et al. 1988 Juniperion turiferaeRivas-Martinez 1969 Juniperetum phoeniceo-thuriferae pinetosum clusianae Sánchez-Gómezet Alcaraz Quercetalia pubescentis-petreaeKlika 1933 Abietion cephalonicaeHorvat et al. 1974 Pyrolo chloranthae-Pinetum nigrae Bergmeier 2002 SAŽETAK: Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticaeDomac (1956) 1965 karakteriziraPinus nigrasubsp. dalmatica (Vis) Franco – endemična svojta prisutna u obalnom području te nekim otocima južne Dalmacije, ali i na južnim padinama Dinarida (Biokovo), na nadmorskim visinama od 350 do 1000 m. Uz jak utjecaj mediteranske klime koja je izražena do viših dijelova planine, zbog svoje nadmorske visine prisutni su i oslabljeni planinski i alpski uvjeti na samim vrhovima. Budući da je Biokovo na granici mediteranske i eurosibirsko- sjevernoameričke regije, u istraživanoj zajednici prisutne su vrste iz obje regije, što povećava posebnost zajednice. Mnogi znanstvenici su se do sada bavili sintaksonomskim položajem zajedniceJunipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae, ali je uvijek opisivana kao jedinstven tip vegetacije. Šume s crnim borom (Pinus nigras.l.) često u svojoj strukturi imaju velik broj lokalnih, za razliku od zonalne vegetacije. Zato zajednice s crnim borom, prisutne na različitim područjima mediterana, imaju mali broj međusobno podudarajućih vrsta i više izražene lokalne florističke karakteristike, nego što to imaju drugi, zonalni, tipovi vegetacije. Prema trenutnim sintaksonomskim rješenjima, istraživana zajednica pripada submediteranskoj sveziCarpinion orientalisunutar reda Quercetalia pubescentis u razredu Querco-Fagetea. Cilj ovoga rada bio je analizirati ekološke i sintaksonomske karakteristike zajednice Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae. Za analiziranje podataka upotrijebili smo klastersku analizu, analizu prema indikatorskim vrstama (ISA) te nemetričko višedimenzionalno skaliranje (NMS). 1992, |
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Z. Sedlar, V. Hršak, R. Šoštarić: NUMERICALAND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICALANALYSIS OF ... Šumarski list br. 3–4, CXXXV (2011), 1-3 Pomoću klasterske analize te ISA, uspoređivali smo sve sintaksone u kojima dominira dalmatinski bor, dok smo pomoću nemetričkog višedimenzionalnog skaliranja (NMS) uspoređivali šume u kojima dominira vrsta Pinus nigra s.l. u ostalim dijelovima Mediterana (Grčka, Pirenejski poluotok, Korzika i Sicilija) sa istraživanom zajednicom u Hrvatskoj. Numeričke i sintaksonomske analize pokazuju da se zajednicaJunipero si- biricae-Pinetum dalmaticaesa Biokova razlikuje od ostalih vegetacijskih tipova s dalmatinskim borom. Klasterska analiza pokazala je da se Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticaejasno odvaja od ostalih sintaksona (Slika 2) u kojima dominiraPinus nigrasubsp. dalmatica, dok su pomoću ISA (Tablica 1) utvrđene indikatorske vrste koje ju odvajaju, ponajprijeJuniperus communis L.subsp.nanaSymeteSesleria robustaSchott, Nyman & Kotschy. NMS metodom pokazana je bliskost zajedniceJunipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticaes grčkom zajednicomSeslerio robustae-Pinetum pallasianaeBarbéro & Quézel 1976 corr. Bergmeier 1990 (Slika 3) te njihovo zajedničko grupiranje odvojeno od ostalih mediteranskih zajednica s crnim borom, grupiranih prema goegrafskom području na kojemu su prisutne (zapadni i centralni mediteran). Ova je zajednica također pionirska, a sloj drveća formiraPinus nigrasubsp. pallasiana. Struktura ovih zajednica je također međusobno vrlo slična, sloj drveća u kojemu dominira vrstaPinus nigras.l. s manje više otvorenim sklopopm krošanja, gusti sloj niskog grmlja koje uglavnom čini Juniperus communissubsp. nanai relativno mali broj prizemnih vrsta u kojemu dominira Sesleria robusta. Obje zajednice javljaju se na sličnim nadmorskim visinama te imaju slične ekološke i biljnogeografske karakteristike, a prema klasifikaciji staništa iz 2003 uvrštene su u istu skupinu, Mediteranske šume s endemskim vrstama crnoga bora. Time smo utvrdili da bi istraživana zajednica trebala biti klasificirana unutar razreda Pino-Juniperetea, reda Juniperetalia haemisphaericae i istočnomediteranske sveze Berberido creticae-Juniperion foetidissimae. Zajednice prisutne u ovome razredu raspršene su po cijelom području mediterana, a vegetacija koja mu pripada nalazi se na suhom tlu i završni je stadij klimazonalne vegetacije za južna eurosibirska i mediteranska područja. Zajednice razreda Pino-Juniperetea sadržavaju mnoge endemske vrste koje pridonose njihovoj teritorijalnoj autonomiji. Sličnost zajednice Junipero sibiricae-Pinetum dalmaticae sa istočnomediteranskim zajednicama i njezino uvrštavanje u spomenute sintaksone fitocenološki i ekološki je potvrđena. Ključne riječi: Biokovo, multivarijatna analiza, Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica, sintaksonomija |