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PRETHODNO PRIOPĆENJE – PRELIMINARYCOMMUNICATION Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXV (2011), 353-360 UDK 630* 453 RAREAND THREATENED GEOMETRID MOTH Erannis ankeraria IN CROATIA: HISTORICAL REVIEW, DATAANALYSIS & PERSPECTIVES RIJETKAI UGROŽENAGRBICA HRVATSKE Erannis ankeraria – POVIJESNI PREGLED,ANALIZAI PERSPEKTIVE 12 Iva MIHOCI, Milivoj FRANJEVIĆ SUMMARY:A “winter moth” Erannis ankerariais one of the most threatened geometrid moths in Europe, listed on both Annex II and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and assigned as strictly protected taxa in Croatia. There is a great lack regarding distribution, population trend parameters and conservation status of this moth in Croatia. According to historical data, an Angoran Umber occurred in Pula (Istria) and Kaštel Stari (Dalmatia), and current field research in potentially suitable habitats resulted without records. Therefore, future research should focus on an active involvement of lepidopterists and foresters in long-term monitoring of the species, where beside light trapping, more successful attracting methods as pheromone traps should be used. Obtained results could lead to management guidelines proposal on sites where the Angoran Umber occurs. Management guidelines or future species action plan should focus of maintaining structure and function of Angoran Umber habitat - light Pubescent Oak and Sessile Oak forests and forest edges, in order to fulfill ecological requirements and subsistence of the species. Key words:winter moth, monitoring, occurrence, Natura2000 INTRODUCTION – Uvod Since 2009 and according to Official gazette No. portance and a part of NATURA 2000 Network 99/09 (Ministry of Culture of Republic of Croatia, (www.natura2000.hr). 2009), 49 Lepidoptera taxa are legally protected in An Angoran Umber is a member of the family Croatia. In category of protected taxa there are 14 but Geometridae(subfamilyEnnominae)– one of the two terflies, and in the category of strictly protected taxa most numerous lepidopteran families (Hausmann, 30 butterflies and 5 moths. Following systematic by 2001).The European fauna of Geometridae comprises Karsholt&Razowski(1996) these are:Eriogaster 957 species in total (Okyar & Mironov 2008), (Eriogaster) catax (Linnaeus 1758) (Lasiocampidae), while the number of species occurring in Croatia is Erannis ankeraria (Staudinger 1861) (Geometridae), nearly 440, representing about 45% of the overall Euro- Gortyna borelii lunata (Freyer 1839) (Noctuidae), pean geometrid faunaon approximately 0.55% of the Orthosia (Dioszeghyana) schmidti (Dioszeghy 1935) total European territory (Mihoci 2010). Besides (Noctuidae) andEuplagia quadripunctaria(Poda 1761) geometrids, the best studied of all moth families in (Arctiidae).The first four are listed in bothAnnex II and Croatia are noctuid mothswith approx. 590 species in Annex IVof EU Habitats Directive(European Commis total (e.g. Kranjčev 1985, Kučinić 1992, 1997, sion, 1992)and they are all considered to be of EU im Kučinić etal. 1994,Kučinić &Bregović 1996, Kučinić & Perović 1996, Kučinić & Hrašo 1 Iva Mihoci, Croatian Natural History Museum, Department of vec1999). Zoology, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, iva.mihoci@hpm.hr TheAngoran Umber is a rare moth with localized 2 Milivoj Franjević, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, occurrence in south and south-eastern Europe,spread Svetošimunska 25, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia, from Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Austria, and Hungaryto franjevic@yahoo.com |
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I. Mihoci & M. Franjević: RAREAND THREATENED GEOMETRID MOTH Erannis ankeraria IN CROATIA: ... Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXV (2011), 353-360 Bulgaria and Romania(Čelik etal. 2004,Flamigni et al. 2007, Leraut 2009).Itis single brooded with adults emerging at the end of February and being active into beginning ofApril,when the air temperatures are favorable (Čelik etal. 2004,Flamigni etal. 2007, Leraut 2009, Beshkov & Zlatkov 2011).They belong to so-called ecological group of “winter” moths.The ‘‘winter moth syndrome” is a set of ecologicaltraits which refers tothe adult flight season either very early of verylate in the season;winter mothsprefer forest habitats, spring-feeding and/or larval polyphagy and have limited or no adultfeeding at all (Wahlbergetal. 2010). Malesof theAngoran Umber have a wingspan of 32 to 40 mm with forewings light beige in color and transverse light brown lines often weakly visible (Leraut 2009). Males are strongly attracted to lights and can often be found flying around lamps or light UV-traps. An adult male is morphologically close to the most significant oak defoliators (Glavendekić 2010)Agriopis marginaria (Fabricius, 1776), Agriopis aurantiaria (Hübner, 1799) and Erannis defoliaria (Clerck, 1759) (Table 1, Fig. 2). According to Beshkov &Zlatkov (2011)the structure of antennae in males is the most reliable morphological feature of separation between mentioned taxa. They are slightly bipectinate with short lamellae forming tufts of hair, not a pecten in E. ankeraria and in other three species male antennae form two-times longerpecten. Although,ErannisandAgriopisare not closely related, the highly similar appearance of these moths (formerly considered congeneric based on similar structure of male antennae) indicates convergent evolution (thus, wing morphology enabling active flight at low temperatures, and mimicking yellow autumn leaves)(Wahlberg at al. 2010). By the structure of male genitalia Leraut (2009) and Beshkov & Zlatkov (2011) placeE. ankerariainto the genusDesertobiaViidalep, 1979 and A. marginaria and A. aurantiaria into the genusPhigaliohyberniaInoue, 1942. The female is brownish, from 9 up to 15 mm in length(Čelik etal. 2004,Leraut 2009) and suffers from a wing reduction(is it brachypterous) so therefore flightless. She emits sex pheromones that often attract males. Females are usually found at the base of trees or crawling up the tree trunks. Caterpillars feed on leaves on both Pubescent Oak (Quercus pubescens(von Willdenow,1796)and the Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea ((Mattuschka) Liebl., 1784) and inhabit sub-Mediterranean xerothermophilous oak shrub forests, light open oak forests and oak groves in sub-Mediterranean environments from plain up to 600 m a.s.l (Leraut 2009).TheAngoran Umber hibernates in the pupal stage (Čelik etal. 2004). Although, theAngoran Umber is strictly protected in Croatia, the conservation status assessment-regarding current range,population size and trend, detailed habitat features and future prospects is inadequate and insufficient,precisely unknown. Purpose of this paper is to pronounce a lack in knowledge in distribution and population dynamics of this endangered moth, to initiate systematic research forgathering data needed to access species conservation status; and to accent the need in active involvement of foresters in future long-term monitoring. MATERIALAND METHODS – Materijal i metode In order to access species occurrence and distributionin Croatia we analyzedrecords from published papers, data from collections of Croatian and Slovenian museums and faculties and unpublished recent field data.Re-examined material is deposited in the Central moth collection of Croatian Natural History Museum – sub collection of the Geometridaefamily (G CNHM), in the Igalffys’ entomological collection of CNHM (I CNHM), Kučinićs’collection(K CNHM) andVaj dićs’ collection (VCNHM) of Lepidoptera of CNHM, in themoth collection of the Natural History Museum in Rijeka (NHMR), collection of butterflies and moths of Radovan Kranjčev from the Koprivnica city museum (RKM), Koščecs’entomological collection from theVaraždin city museum (KVCM), Hafners’collection of Lepidopteraof the Slovenian Museum of Natural History (H SMNH) and Badovinac (BFF) and Henchentomological collection (HFF) at the Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Croatia.Abbreviations are used further in the text when referring to collections. Specimens were identified by the wing morphology according to Flamigni et al. (2007) and Leraut(2009). Field data was gathered during the field trips in Istria, on the Ćićarija Mt., Učka Mt. and coastal side of theVelebit Mt.in one night per week fieldtrips during February and March 2009, with insufficient catch per unit effort, referring to the limited number of only four light traps per site.Adultmale moths were accessible tostandardized sampling method by attractable light UV-trapsOsram Blacklight L18W/73 – 600 mmwith a white reflectable fabric on the pyramidal metal construction. Aconstruction has a base length of two meters and operates at a ground level.Light trap was on from dusk till early morning, not less than 5 hours. Given that females of the species are brachypterous and therefore do not fly, we visually inspected oak trees during daytime. |
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I. Mihoci & M. Franjević: RAREAND THREATENED GEOMETRID MOTH Erannis ankeraria IN CROATIA: ... Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXV (2011), 353-360 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION– Rezultati i rasprava Presented results are compiled from records published in papers, data from collections of Croatian and Slovenian museums and unpublished field data. The oldest published papers on occurrence of theAngoran Umberin Croatia date back to the beginning of the XX century. Herman Stauder published the first find of the Angoran Umber in Castelli near Spalato (Split, Dalmatia) (male specimen deposited in the collection H SMNH) (Naufock, 1915, Stauder, 1924, Hafner, 1994) andAlbert Naufock recorded a male specimens in Pola (Pula, southern Istria) (Naufock, 1915). There is an additional published record of species occurrence in forest Repaš in Podravina(Kovačević & Franjević-Oštrec, 1978) but the identification of that/those specimen/s could not be confirmed because of no voucher specimen/s. Reviewing entomological collections we found that specimensidentified asE. ankerariaare not deposited in the collections(*) or have been misidentified(**) (RKM*; BFF and HFF*; I CNHM** (redet. E. defoliaria); G CNHM** (redet. E. defoliaria). In collections K CNHM, V CNHM, NHMR and KVCM specimens ofE. ankerariaare not present. Reviewing H SMNH in Ljubljana valid identificationof specimen th collected by Stauder on March 15 1908 in Kaštel Stari (Castelli) (Hafner,1994) was confirmed (Fig.1). As for almost 100 years there were no new or confirmed records of this moth in Croatia, there is a great lack in knowledge on species presence and distribution. As light trapping yielded no results, in future research pheromone trapping should be considered. Chemical, pheromone communication among insect sexes is Figure 1 Male specimen ofErannis ankerariafrom Kaštel Stari, Croatia deposited in the Hafner’scollection Ljubljana, Slovenia Slika 1. Mužjak Erannis ankerarias lokaliteta Kaštel Stari, Hrvatska pohranjen u Hafnerovoj zbirci leptira u Ljubljani, Slovenija (Photo –Foto: dr. sc. Nikola Tvrtković) |
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I. Mihoci & M. Franjević: RAREAND THREATENED GEOMETRID MOTH Erannis ankeraria IN CROATIA: ... Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXV (2011), 353-360 prominent, and stereochemicals of genus Erannis are known (not exclusivelyforE. ankerariaalthough mixture of identified stereochemical components for the genus can be used) (Hansson etal. 1990,Szöcs et al. 1993, Goller et al. 2007). Therefore, pheromone traps should be used in attracting males in their habitats. Potential sites on which anAngoran Umber could be found correspond with xerotermophilic sun-Mediterranean oak forest (degraded) habitats (Čelik et al. 2004,Flamigni etal. 2007,Leraut 2009,Barčić et al. 2011, Baričević & Šapić 2011). In xerotermophilic environments these are represented with six vegetation communities (Vukelić etal. 2008): (1)mixed forest of Sessile Oak and Sweet Chestnut (As. Querco-Castanetum sativae Horvat 1938) that occurs in the Kvarner region above Kastav and Učka. (2)forest of Sessile Oak withAutumn Moore grass (As. Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum petraeae Poldini/ 1964/1982) which ispresent on a single locality in Croatia, in Dragonja (Istria). (3)thermophilic forest of Pubescent Oak with Tall Moor grass (As. Molinio-Quercetum pubescentis Šugar 1981) whichgrows in the flysch part of Istria near Motovunski Novaki and represents part of a larger complex of Pubescent Oak stands in which Sessile Oak andTurkey Oakdominate. (4)thermophilic and weakly acidophilic forest of Pubescent Oak withWhite Cinquefoil(As.Potentillo albae-Quercetum pubescentis A.O. Horvat 1973) which has only been identified in the locality Bregi in the flysch part of Istria (Vukelić etal., 2008). The tree layer is dominated by Pubescent Oak, Turkey Oak and Hop Hornbeam. (5)forest and scrub of Pubescent Oak and Oriental Hornbeam (As.Querco-Carpinetum orientalisHorvatić 1939) in the sub-Mediterranean zone of the littoral belt from Istria to Dubrovnik. (6)mixed forest and scrubs of Pubescent Oak and Hop Hornbeam (As. Ostryo-Quercetum pubescentis /Horvat 1950/Trinajstić 1979) in the northern Adriatic (northern Istria, the littoral slopes of Velebit, and the northern slopes of Bukovica). After surveying potential habitats and defining current distribution of species, obtained results could help in proposing several forest management guidelines. Proposal should focus on maintaining structure and function of theAngoran Umber habitat – light Pubescent Oak and Sessile Oakforests and forest edges,in order to fulfill ecological requirementsand survival of the species.As Lepidoptera are in general habitat-dependent, forest management should consider providing good stability and condition of forests and best protection and conservation of specific microhabitats for this threatened moth. a b c d Figure 2 Erannis ankeraria and morphologically similar winter moths Agriopis marginaria (Fabricius, 1776)(a), A. aurantiaria (Hübner, 1799)(b) and A. defoliaria (Clerck, 1759)(c) Slika 2. Erannis ankeraria i morfološki slični mrazovci Agriopis marginaria (Fabricius, 1776)(a), A. aurantiaria(Hübner, 1799)(b) iA. defoliaria(Clerck, 1759)(c) (Photo –Foto: David Mihoci according to Leraut (2009) |
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I. Mihoci & M. Franjević: RAREAND THREATENED GEOMETRID MOTH Erannis ankeraria IN CROATIA: ... Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXV (2011), 353-360 Table 1 Basic morphological and ecological characteristic for separation ofE. ankerariafrom the most similar (winter) moths, see Figure 2. Modified according to Flamigni et al. (2007),and Leraut (2009) and Beshkov & Zlatkov (2011). Abb. FW-forewing, HW-hindwing. Tablica 1.Osnovne morfološke i ekološke značajke koje omogućuju razlikovanje vrste E. ankeraria od sličnih vrsta (mrazovaca), vidi slika 2. Modificirano prema Flamigni i sur. (2007),i Leraut (2009) i Beshkov i Zlatkov (2011). Kratice: FW-prednja krila, HW-stražnja krila. Species vrsta Male mužjak Female ženka Larval host plants biljke hraniteljice gusjenice Flight time vrijeme rojenja Erannis ankeraria FWlight beige with weak transverse lines, HW dirty-white, antennae bipectinate without a real pecten prednja krila svjetlobež boje s poprečnim linijama; stražnja prljavo bijela; ticala s nježnim dlačicama bez “pravog češlja” Brachypterous vrlo zakržljalih krila Quercus pubescens &Q. petraea Single-brooded, February tillApril jedna generacija, veljača-travanj Agriopis marginaria FWbrownish beige, distal area darker with transverse lines poorly distinct, HW variable in color, both wings with black marginal dots; antennae with 2-times longer pecten prednja krila smeđe-bež boje, vrhovi tamniji, poprečne linije slabo vidljive;stražnja krila varijabilne boje; oba krila s rubnim crnim točkama; dvostruko češljasta ticala Wings with stumps, but inadequate for flight zakržljalih krila, nesposobna za let Quercus, Betula, Fagus, Populus, Alnus, Prunus, Crataegus Single-brooded, January tillApril (rarely from December) jedna generacija, siječanj-travanj (vrlo rijetko od prosinca) Erannis defoliaria FWwhitish with light brown basal area and postmedial line and black discal spot, HWwhitish; antennae with 2-times longer pecten prednja krila bjelkaste boje sa smeđom bazom i crnom diskalnom točkom; stražnja bjelkaste boje; dvostruko češljasta ticala Apterous beskrilna Quercus, Betula, Crataegus, Salix, Carpinus Single-brooded, October till December jedna generacija, listopad-prosinac Agriopis aurantiaria FWorangey yellow with yellowish brown transverse lines, HWwhite; antennae with 2-times longer pecten prednja krila narančasto žuta s žutosmeđim poprečnim linijama; stražnja bijela; dvostruko češljasta ticala Dark brown, wings with stumps tamno smeđa, zakržljala krila Quercus, Carpinus, Betula, Prunus, Crataegus Single-brooded, October till December jedna generacija, listopad-prosinac |
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I. Mihoci & M. Franjević: RAREAND THREATENED GEOMETRID MOTH Erannis ankeraria IN CROATIA: ... Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXV (2011), 353-360 CONCLUSIONS – Zaključci 1. An Angoran Umber is strictly protected taxa in Croatia, endangered and rare, of EU importance, and therefore listed in theAnnexes (II & IV) of the EU Habitats Directive. 2. It belongs in the group of so called “winter moths”, preferring xerothermophilous Mediterranean oak forest habitats and depending on leaf feeding on Pubescent Oak and Sessile Oaklarval host plants. 3. Current distribution of the species is based on reviewing published papers, re-examination of material from museums and University collections and recent field data.Without current records, distribution is based on two “historical” records– sites in Istria and middle Dalmatia. 4. As potential habitats of this threatened species are Pubescent Oak and Sessile Oakforests and forest edges and degradation patches, foresters should be the first involved in field data collecting and long- term monitoring. 5. Future activities should focus on encouraging systematic research (involving pheromone traps in field methodology) of distribution and population parameters of this species in Croatia. Efforts in improving scarce knowledge and raising awareness for detecting geometrid moth diversity in Croatia, their ecological requirements and conservation in general are also necessary. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – Zahvala The research was supported by the grant of NATURA 2000 project in Croatia and by Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sports as a part of the Project No. 183-1193080-0831 grant to Dr. Sc. NikolaTvrtković (Croatian Natural History Museum, REFERENCES Baričević,D., I. Šapić, 2011: Prilog poznavanju sastava i raščlanjenosti šuma hrasta crnike u Istri (AContribution to the Knowledge of Composition and Classification of Holm Oak Forests in Istria). Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering 32(1): 87–98. Barčić,D., Ž.Španjol, R.Rosavec, 2011:Utjecaj na stanište i razvoj šumskih kultura crnoga bora (Pinus nigraJ. F.Arnold) na krškom submediteranskom području (Impact on Site and Development of Black Pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) Forest Cultures in the Submediterannean KarstArea). Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering 32(1): 131–140. Beshkov, S.& B.Zlatkov, 2011:Desertobia ankeraria( Staudinger, 1861) (Lep., Geometridae): A new genus and species for the Bulgarian fauna. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.123: 163–169. Čelik,T., R. Verovnik,F.Rebeušek, S.Gomboc, M.Lasan,2004: Strokovna izhodišča za vzpostavljanje omrežja NATURA2000, Butterflies & Moths (Lepidoptera), Final Report, SAZU –Jovan Hadži Biological Institut, 298 pp., Ljubljana. European Commission, 1992: Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ L206, 22.7.1992, p. 7), last amended 23.09.2003 (L236, pp. 33), Strasbourg. Zagreb).We are grateful to Prof. Dr. Mladen Kučinić (Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb), Prof. Dr. Boris Hrašovec (Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb) and anonymous reviewers on their useful suggestions in preparing the manuscript. – Literatura Flamigni,C., G.Fiumi,P.Parenzan,2007: Lepidotteri Eteroceri d’Italia, Geometridae Ennominae I, Natura Edizioni Scientifiche diAlfonso lorio, 383 pp., Bologna. Glavendekić, M.2010: Parasitoids and Hyperparasitoids of Erannis defoliaria CL. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in Oak Forests, Šumarski list 134 (7–8): 403–410. Goller,S., G. Szöcs,W. Francke, S. Schulz, 2007: Biosynthesis of (3 Z, 6 Z, 9 Z) –3, 6, 9 – Octadecatriene: The Main Component of the Pheromone Blend ofErannis bajaria, J. Chem. Ecol., 33(8): 1505–1509. Hafner,I.1994:Verzeichnis der bei Knin gesammelten Schmetterlinge (Lepidoptera), Nat. Croat., 3(2):119–184., Zagreb. Hansson, B.S., G.Szöcs,F.Schmidt,W.Francke, C. Löfstedt, M. Tóth, 1990: Electrophysiological and chemical analysis of sex pheromone communication system of the mottled umber, Erannis defoliaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), J. Chem. Ecol., 16(6): 1887–1897. Hausmann,A.2001:The Geometrid Moths of Europe, Apollo Books,Vol 2, 282 pp., Stenstrup. Karsholt, O., J. Razowski, 1996: The Lepi doptera of Europe. A Distributional Checklist. Apollo Books, 380 pp., Stenstrup. |
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I. Mihoci & M. Franjević: RAREAND THREATENED GEOMETRID MOTH Erannis ankeraria IN CROATIA: ... Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXV (2011), 353-360 Kovačević, Ž., M. Franjević-Oštrec, 1978: Značaj faune Macrolepidoptera u šumama SR Hrvatske s biocenološkog i biogeografskog sta no višta, Radovi Šumarskog instituta Jastrebarsko, 35: 1–104., Jastrebarsko. Kranjčev,R.1985: Macrolepidoptera in natural and athropogenic habitats in Podravina and Podrav ski pijesci. Podravski zbornik I: 200–226, Koprivnica. Kučinić, M., 1992: The Noctuidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of Lička Plješevica mountain (Croatia), Nat. Croat. 1: 71–80., Zagreb. Kučinić,M., 1997:Faunal, ecological and biogeographical characteristics of noctuid moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of Croatia, Master thesis, Faculty of Science, Zagreb. Kučinić, M,A.Bregović,1996:Acontribution to the knowledge of faunal and zoogeographical characteristics ofnoctuids (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in north-western Croatia, Nat. Croat., 5(4): 265–284., Zagreb. Kučinić,M., B.Hrašovec,1999: Faunal and zoogeographical review of lepidoptera collections of Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, part I:Noctuidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera), Nat. Croat., 8(1): 27–47., Zagreb. Kučinić, M., K. Igalffy, M. Šašić, S. Balen, 1994:Acontribution on the Heterocera fauna (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of the central-mountain part (Risnjak & Lička Plješevica) of the Republic of Croatia, Nat. Croat., 3(1): 23–40., Zagreb. Kučinić,M., F.Perović,1996: Dasypolia templi (Thunberg, 1792) the new species of noctuids (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in fauna of Croatia, Nat. Croat., 5(3): 249–257., Zagreb. Leraut,P.2009: Moths of Europe, Geometrid Moths, vol. 2, N.A.P. Editions, 804 pp., Verrieres le Buisson. Mihoci, I. 2010: A Preliminary Checklist of the Geometridae of Croatia, In:A. Hausmann, C.V. Covell, Jr., Forum Herbulot IV 2010, The Geometridae of the Western Hemisphere: current knowledge and problems waiting to be addressed, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, pp. 13, Gainesville, Florida. Ministry of Culture of Republic of Croatia, 2009:Protocol on Proclaming of the Taxa Protected or Strictly Protected. Official Gazzette No. 99/09, Zagreb. Okyar, Z., V. Mironov, 2008: Checklist of the Geometridae of EuropeanTurkey, with new records (Lepidoptera), Zootaxa, 1789: 1–56.,Auckland. Naufock,A., 1915: Hybernia ankeraria Stgr. Und deren erste Stände, Jahrsb.Wien. E. – V., XXVI: 89–92., Wien. Stauder,H., 1924: Beiträge zur Sammeltechnik und Biologie begehrterArten und Formen von Lepidopteren; Beischreibung berühmter Flugplätze, EntomologischerAnzeiger, 15: 135–138., Wien. Szöcs,G., M.Tóth,W.Francke,F.Schmidt,P. Philipp, W. A. König, K. Mori, B. S. Hansson, C. Löfstedt, 1993: Species discrimination in five species of winter-flying geometrids (Lepidoptera) based on chirality of semiochemicals and flight season, J. Chem. Ecol., 19(11): 2721–2735. Vukelić, J., S. Mikac, D. Baričević, D. Bakšić, R. Rosavec, 2008: Forest Sites and Forest Communities in Croatia – National Ecological Network, State Institute for Nature Protection: 77–104., Zagreb. Wahlberg,N., N.Snäll, J. Viidalepp, K.Ruohomäki, T.Tammaru,2010: Theevolution of female flightlessness among Ennominae of the Holarctic forest zone (Lepidoptera, Geo metridae), Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 55(2010): 929–938., Amsterdam. SAŽETAK: Mrazovac Erannis ankerariajedna je od najugroženijih vrsta noćnih leptira iz porodice grbica, navedena u Dodatku II i IV Direktive o staništima Europske Unije i zakonom zaštićena u Republici Hrvatskoj u kategoriji strogo zaštićene zavičajne divlje svojte. Iako, taksonomski blizak i morfološki vrlo sličan nekim našim vrlo čestim vrstama, među kojima se nalaze i značajni štetni defolijatori poput velikog mrazovca (E. defoliaria), ovaj se mrazovac nalazi iznimno rijetko i sporadično. Podaci o rasprostranjenju vrste, njenim populacijskim parametrima, kao i stvarna razina ugroženosti, i shodno tome, nužne mjere zaštite ove vrste u Hrvatskoj nisu do sada bili posebno istraživani. Prema publiciranim podacima, vrsta je početkom prošlog |
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I. Mihoci & M. Franjević: RAREAND THREATENED GEOMETRID MOTH Erannis ankeraria IN CROATIA: ... Šumarski list br. 7–8, CXXXV (2011), 353-360 stoljeća zabilježena u Puli i Kaštel Starom. Provedeno istraživanje obuhvatilo je detaljan pregled svih dostupnih relevantnih lepidopteroloških zbirki u Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji, uz ponovnu re-evaluaciju primjeraka označenih kao E.ankeraria. Ispostavilo se da u je u zbirkama u više navrata došlo do zamjene s vrstomE. defoliariaili da jednostavno vrste nema u većini relevantnih zbirki. Jedini valjano determiniran primjerak vrsteE. ankerariapotvrđen je u zbirci Prirodoslovnog muzeja Slovenije, a odnosi se na nalaz Staudera 1908. godine kod Kaštel Starog. Tijekom ciljanih dvomjesečnih terenskih istraživanja 2009. godine, vrsta nije potvrđena na lokalitetima dokumentiranih prethodnih nalaza, kao i očekivanim lokacijama pridolaska s obzirom na šumski vegetacijski tip, iz kojega potječu njeni rijetki nalazi. Cilj pokrenutih istraživanja je da se nastave i prošire sustavna istraživanja rasprostranjenja svojte, a kako se radi o pravom šumskom kukcu, da se u njih uključi šumare-specijaliste zaštite šuma. U okviru postojećih programa monitoringa šumskih kukaca-štetočinja, na kserotermofilnim submediteranskim staništima hrasta medunca i hrasta kitnjaka, uz primamljivanje mužjaka svjetlosnim klopkama, mogle bi se koristiti i feromonske klopke kao potecijalno učinkovitiji način prikupljanja podataka o njenom rasprostranjenju. Prikupljeni podaci poslužili bi u donošenju smjernica upravljanja ili akcijskog plana svojte, kojim bi se utvrdio način upravljanja staništima u cilju očuvanja njihove strukture i funkcije, a u svrhu zadovoljavanja ekoloških potreba i očuvanja ove rijetke i prilično tajnovite vrste grbice u Hrvatskoj. |