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IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI ČLANCI – ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERSŠumarski list br. 9–10, CXXXV (2011), 477-486 UDK 630* 453 (Lymantria monacha) (001) OUTBREAKS OFTHE NUN MOTH (Lymantria monacha) AND HISTORICALRISK REGIONS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC GRADACIJE SMREKOVOG PRELCA(Lymantria monacha) I PODRUČJA NJEGOVE UČESTALE POJAVE U ČEŠKOJ 1111 H. UHLÍKOVÁ, O. NAKLÁDAL, P. JAKUBCOVÁ, M. TURČÁNI ABSTRACT: The paper, based on a literature review, presents an overview of the nun moth outbreaks in Czech forests from 1784 to 2010. A database of outbreaks was created and presently contains 2,557 records. The oldest written record dates from 1784. The greatest calamity of nun moth outbreaks occurred during the years 1917–1927. The last nun moth outbreaks appeared in the years 1993–1996. A map of high-risk areas in the Czech Republic was created based on this historical data. Key words:Lymnatria monacha, historical outbreaks, Czech Republic 1. INTRODUCTION – Uvod The nun moth (Lymantria monacha/L./) is a strongly polyphagous pest feeding on coniferous and deciduous trees. Spruce (Piceasp.), larch (Larixsp.) and pine (Pinussp.) are typical host plants but the nun moth also causes extensive defoliation of other tree species during its outbreaks (Komárek1931, Schwenke1978). Although the phytophagous nun moth is considered one of the most damaging insects in European coniferous forests and can cause severe damage in managed forests (Altenkirch1986,Baier1995,Bejer1986, Cescatti & Battisti1992, Fischer1942, Grönblom &Suomalainen1950,Jahn1973,Pivetz et al. 1959,Klimetzek1979,Köhler1958,Nietsche 1891, Romanyk1958, Sedláček1911, Schimitschek1947, Schmutzenhoferet al. 1975, Sliwa& Sierpinski1986, Uhlíková& Nakládal2010, Wilke1931,Zederbauer1911), there are relatively few papers focusing on and evaluating general historical outbreaks. In the Czech Republic, there is currently no integral overview of nun moth outbreaks; we can usually find only short articles describing the progress and spread of the outbreaks (Blažek et al. 1932, Mokrý1923, Liška& Šrůtka1994). However,Švestka(1968) described a small review of nun moth outbreaks in southwestern Moravia. It is H.Uhlíková, O. Nakládal, P. Jakubcová, M.Turčáni Department of Forest Protection and Game Management, Faculty of Forestry andWood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic also possible to find an evaluation of the situation for prediction in a given year or following year (Liška 1996 and 1999,Liška&Šrůtka1995,Zahradník et al. 1995).Afundamental publication illustrating the largest outbreaks of the nun moth in the Czech Republic in the 1920s was published byKomárek(1931). Catastrophic damages to forests caused by the nun moth have been known in the past. Its first massive expansion in Central Europe was recorded in 1449.At least 26 significant periods of increase were recorded from that time until the late 19th century (Hošek 1981).Komárek(1931),Mokrý(1923) andBlažeket al. (1932) described disasters that occurred dur th ing the first half of the 20century. In the period 1946-1995, six outbreaks were recorded in Poland (Głowacka1996). In Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic, the nun moth outbreaks were observed in 1993–1995 (Baier, pers. comm., Głowacka 1996,Liš ka&Šrůtka1994). In 2003, the nun moth caused defoliation in Poland and Germany (Möler& Wenk,pers. comm., Wanneretal. 2005). More than 100 historical records were found in the th Czech Republic throughout the 20century (e.g. Anonymous a,Anonymous 1969a,Anonymous 1969b, Hošek1958, Hošek1959, Hošek& Žaloudík 1964, Hošek& Žaloudík1969, Kruml1962, Kruml1963,Kruml1968b,Ministr1964, Mini str1970, Novák1969b, Novák1969e, Novák 1970, Novotný1965, Schleger1974, Tlapák |