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H. Uhlíková, O. Nakládal, P. Jakubcová, M. Turčáni: OUTBREAKS OF THE NUN MOTH (Lymantria monacha) ...Šumarski list br. 9–10, CXXXV (2011), 477-486 1960,Tlapák1963,Tlapák1964, Tomandl1962,1962, Tlapák1965b, Tomandl1956, Tomandl Žaloudík1961). Extensive outbreaks and total defoli-1971).The largest calamity of the nun moth in the Czech ation were recorded mainly after 1900, and this situationRepublic was in the 1920s. In the Central Bohemian re- lasted more or less until 1940 (e.g.Anonymous b,Ano -gion, optimal conditions for nun moth development ny mous c, Anonymous d, Anonymous 1966, Horákwere created by reduced precipitation during the later 1960, Horák1965a, Horák1965b, Horák1968,years. Since 1996 there has been no other major outHorák1969, Hošek1961, Hošek1964, Hošekbreak. However, there aretraditional outbreak regions 1967, Hošek& Tomandl1965, Kruml1964b,withhigher population densities of the nun moth(the Kruml1968a,Kruml1969,Materna1964, Min-Brdy Hills and Bohemian-Moravian Highlands). istr a, Ministr b,Ministr1963,Novák1967b, No- In this paper, we present a quantitative and qualitavák 1967c, Novák1968a, Novák1968b, Novák tive historical overview of the available data on nun 1969a,Novák1969c,Novák1969d,Novák1972, moth outbreaks in the Czechlands. Schleger1966,Starec&Tlapák1959,Tlapák 2. MATERIALAND METHODS – Materijali i metode Historical data of the nun moth outbreaks Povijesni podaci o gradacijama smrekovog prelca During theperiod 2007–2010 a largeamountof his-ofthe Forest Management Institute (FMI) were the main toricalrecordsofnun moth outbreaks was collectedandsource ofinformation. It was necessary to visitthecenprocessed. Informationwasobtainedfrombooks, pro-tralarchive ofFMIplus itsbranchesin theCzechReceedings, journals, surveys, protocols, andalsofrompublicandcontacttheforestdistricts.The collected data recordsin the forest districts. Besides these writtencovered the period from 1784 up to 2010. We found records, oral interviews with foresters were also impor-more than 2.5 thousands of records.The main nun moth tant.The historicalessaysandsurveysfrom the archivesoutbreaks periods are inTable 1. Table 1Selected main periods of the nun moth outbreaks in the Czech Republic. Tablica 1.Odabrana glavna razdoblja gradacija smrekovog prelca u Češkoj Period/yearof outbreak Razdoblje/ godina gradacije Locality/ region Lokalitet/ područje Details Podrobnosti References Izvori 1784-1790Krukanicethe oldest written evidence of defoliation najstariji podatak o defolijaciji successful Tomandl (year unknown) Tomandl (nepoznata godina) 1785Doupov Mountainseradication (setting fires at night) uspješna eradikacija (paljenjem vatri noću) Schleger (1974) 1788-1790Carlsbad Highlandsthe oldest complete records of defoliation; heavy/P. abies/24 000 m 3 najstariji potpuni podatak o defolijaciji; jaka defolijacija/P. abies/24 000 m3 Ministr (1970) 1838-1840Rakovník, Křivoklát, Opařany P. sylvestrisKruml (1964a), Novák (1966) 1899Sokolíčkoheavy/36 ha jaka defolijacija/36 ha Horák (1987) 1892Žirovnice26 haKruml (1968b) 1901-1903all regions / sva područja autochthonous outbreaks in lower altitudes autohtone gradacije u nižim nadmorskim visinama Hošek (1981), Novák (1970) 1906-1910Ledeč n. Sázavou, Ronov n. Doubravou, Jindřichův Hradec region, theTřeboň region, Děčín, Frýdlant, Zákupy, Grábštejn, the Drahan Highlands, lower altitudes of the Jeseníky Mountains heavy/3 600 ha; ended through polyhedral disease jaka defolijacija/3 600 ha; okončana poliedrijom gusjenica Tomandl (1962) |