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and a topic of many debates (Zotti et al. 2013). At the same time, it is cheaper than molecular methods, with epigeous fungal sporocarps easily accessible in favorable conditions (Schmit & Lodge 2005). Macrofungi emphasize a vast majority of ectomycorrhizal and saprobic species which showed repeated positive correlation with mycelial activity (Kuyper 1994), which justifies the selected methodology. Described results in this paper are a part of the research process that continues on previous studies of the same Austrian pine plots where predisposition to S. sapinea infections caused by draught was determined as a key factor (Diminić 1997; Diminić et al. 2003, 2012). Furthermore, Zgrablić et al. (2015) confirmed the importance of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi ratio in the total count of species. Plantation with a ratio of EMC fungal species higher than 60% was free from S. sapinea pycnidia on needles and had a negligible crown transparency. It is difficult to compare our results with other studies because there is a gap of knowledge considering the research of fungi in Austrian pine forests and plantations in general, especially in relation to health conditions. Recorded 124 fungal species, of which 51 were ECM in our study, represent higher species richness than has been recorded in Austrian pine plantations on serpentine bedrock in Liguria, Italy (Zotti et al. 2013). There were 94 species recorded of which 47 ECM. Shannon diversity index ranged from 1.84-3.34 for total species richness, and 1.05-2.26 for ECM species group, reflecting higher values than in our study. However, it is difficult to compare these studies because of different methodology. Experiment in Liguria consisted of 11 plots which were larger (32 × 32 m) and surveyed through four years for epigeous and hypogeous fungi, but without considering the health status of Austrian pine trees. Research of Austrian pine macrofungi in Istria at previous study (Zgrablić et al. 2015) revealed a total of 88 epigeous fungal species of which 47 were ECM. Luoma & Eberhart (2006) conducted a research of the below-ground ECM diversity in the Pacific Northwest, USA, on Douglas fir affected by Swiss needle cast disease (SNC) (Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (T. Rohde) Petr.). According to their preliminary results, it is evident that stands with stronger SNC severity had a significantly less ECM types/soil core than stands with low infection rate and the control site outside the SNC disease symptoms zone. They conclude that below-ground ECM community could be used as a forest health indicator for early detection of Swiss needle cast (SNC) susceptibility. Many studies clearly indicated the effect of air pollution on forest ecosystems, consequently showing a decline in |