DIGITALNA ARHIVA ŠUMARSKOG LISTA
prilagoðeno pretraživanje po punom tekstu



ŠUMARSKI LIST 1-2/2017 str. 56     <-- 56 -->        PDF

their roles in the ecosystem process (Samman and Logan 2000), it is a requirement to suppress their outbreak populations. The purpose of control programs planned against these species is to effectively reduce their damage levels in the stands (Faccoli and Stergulc, 2008). Removing weak and damaged trees found in the area before the population density of I. sexdentatus, which is a pest, reaches to a level that will attack healthy trees, including trees that are slightly injured or healing, will decrease the dying risk of healthy trees (Fernández Fernández, 2006). Bark beetle invasions start in damaged and/or stressed trees (Douce, 1998). Long term disturbances causing stress in tree may lower the resistance of trees, and therefore trees may become sensitive even in low beetle densities (Power et al., 1999). Stressed trees are more sensitive to I. sexdentatus attacks. For this reason, in forest areas where fire or wind weakened trees are present, beetle attacks may be more (Seedre, 2005).
In light of the explanations, in a healthy ecosystem where natural balance is preserved; utilizing our forests through sustainable planning is one of the main principles of today’s forestry. In these planning, bark beetles, one of the factors that has the potential to cause high damage, causing unplanned cutting in cases of outbreaks and therefore threatening our forests, is important in terms of forestry. In the black pine forests, which has important propagation through stands they form in Turkey, explaining the flight periods, capturing rates and some factors affecting the capturing of I. sexdentatus and understanding the damage the species may cause in endemic levels will contribute to increasing effectiveness of control programs to be carried out.
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAFIJA
Akkuzu, E., Guzel, H., 2015: Edge effects of black pine forests on Ips sexdentatus (Boern.) abundance, Šumarski list, 9, 10, 447–453.
Allen, D.C., 1994: The bark beetles. NY Forest Owner. 27-2p.
Anonim, 2013: Orman Atlası. T.C. Orman ve Su ݺleri Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Bilgi Sistemleri Dairesi Baºkanlığı, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ªube Müdürlüğü. 107 p., Ankara
Anonim, 2014: Türkiye orman varlığı, Yayın No: 15, Envanter Seri No: 17. T.C. Orman ve Su ݺleri Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Orman İdaresi ve Planlama Dairesi Baºkanlığı, 25 p., Ankara.
Baca, T., Lima, E.R., Picanço, M.C., Guedes, R.N.C., Viana, J.H.M., 2006: Optimum spacing of pheromone traps for monitoring the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella. Journal compilation Netherlands Entomological Society. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 119, 39–45.
Bakke, A., 1989: The recent Ips typographus outbreak in Norway-experiences from a control program. Holarctic Ecology, 12: 515–519.
Bakke, A., 1991: Using pheromones in the management of bark betlee outbreaks. Baranchikov, Y.N., Mattson, W.J., Hain, F.P. and Payne, T. L., eds.1991. Forest Insect.371-377. Guilds: Patterns of Interactionwith Host Trees. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-153.
Black, S.H., 2005: Logging to control insects: The science and myths behind managing Forest Insect „Pests”. A synthesis of independently reviewed research. pp 45.
Black, S. H., Kulakowski, D., Noon, B.R., DellaSala, D., 2010: Insects and roadless forests: A scientific review of causes. Consequences and management alternatives. National Center for Conservation Science, p 33.
Bentz, B.J., 2006: Mountain pine beetle population sampling: inferences from Lindgren pheromone traps and tree emergence cages. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36: 351–360
Besceli, O., Ekici, M., 1969: Dogu Ladini (Picea orientalis L.) mintikasinda Ips sexdentatus’un biyolojisi ve mucadelesi. Ormancılık Aras. Ens. Yayınl., Teknik Bülten Ser. No. 32, p. 32.
Birch, M., 1984: Aggregation in bark beetles. In: Bell, W.J., Carde, R.T. (Eds.). Sinauer Associates, Shutherland, Mass.
Byers, J.A., 2012: Ecological interactions of bark beetles with host trees. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2012, Article ID 252961, doi:10.1155/2012/252961
Christiansen, E., Waring R.H., Berryman A.A., 1987: Resistance of conifers to bark beetle attack: searching for general relationships. Forest Ecology and Management, 22, 89-10
Douce GK. 1998. Pine Bark Beetles. The Entomology and Forest Resources Digital Information Work Group. Forest Landowner. 57:4 In Press.
Defne, M., 1954: Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) Kabuk böceğinin Çoruh ormanlarındaki durumu ve tevlit ettiği zararlar. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, IV, II, 80–91.
Drooz, A.T., 1985: Insects of Eastern Forests, USDA Forest Service, Misc. Pub. No. 1426. 608pp.
Faccoli, M., Buffo, E., 2004: Seasonal variability of sex-ratio in Ips typographus (L.) pheromone traps in a multivoltine population in The Southern Alps. Journal of Pest Science, 77, 123–129.
Faccoli, M., Stergulc, F., 2008: Damage reduction and performance of mass trapping devices for forest protection against the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae). Annals of Forest Science, 65, 309p9.
Fernández Fernández, M.M., 2006: Colonization of fire-damaged trees by Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) as related to the percentage of burnt crown. — Entomologica Fennica 17: 381–386.
Fettig, C.J., Klepzig, K.D., Billings, R.F., Munson, A.S., Nebeker, T.E., Negron, J.F., Nowak, J.T., 2007: The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States. Forest Ecology and Management, 238, 24– 53.
Franceschi, R.V, Krokene, P., Christiansen, E., Krekling, T., 2005: Anatomical and chemical defenses of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests. Tansley review. New Phytologist 167: 353–376.
Furniss, R.L., Carolin, V.M. 1977: Western forest insects. USDA Forest Service, Misc. Pub. No: 1339, 654 p.
Gaylord, M.L., Williams K.K., Hofstetter, R.W., Mcmillin,D., Degomez, T.E., Wagner, M.R. 2008: Influence of temperature on spring flight initiation for southwestern ponderosa pine bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Environmental Entomology, 37(1): 57-69.