DIGITALNA ARHIVA ŠUMARSKOG LISTA
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ŠUMARSKI LIST 1-2/2019 str. 24     <-- 24 -->        PDF

elevation and season. At higher elevations, sanitation measures aimed at reduction of the emergence of new infestation spots (Stadelmann et al., 2013) need to be implemented in early autumn when most of the beetles are still under the bark while in lowlands, felling in early spring or late autumn can achieved high efficiency. Winter felling does not only kill most bark beetles within bivoltine populations, but also eliminates a huge fraction of their natural enemies whereas with univoltine populations of this pest, this is much less detrimental (Wermelinger et al., 2012). In regions with beetle outbreaks, the priority need to be salvage logging of damaged timber, particularly in years affected by storm events (Stadelmann et al., 2013). Salvage logging should be followed by sanitation felling which ought to comprise the area within 100 m from previous infestations (Kautz et al., 2013). The removal of attacked standing trees may additionally cause edge effect in subsequent spring (Dworschak et al., 2014) when colonized wind felled trees (Esseen, 1994; Peltonen, 1999) or killed standing trees (Hedgren, 2002) can be frequent occurrence due to the beetles that overwinter in the litter and constitute the local population within the spots of attacks.
Foresters need to consider the fact that bark falls off in upper parts of standing trees during the winter period (Dworschak et al., 2014) and changes the portion of beetles between niches. It could have a negative impact on the success of sanitation recovery planned for spring. Upper parts of standing trees are often heavily infested, which can modify insulator characteristics of the bark and result in peeling and higher winter mortality (Faccoli, 2002) as well as in a higher proportion of upper tree beetles which leave the bark during the winter (Komonen et al., 2011). During sanitation felling, the removal of attacked standing trees with needles discolouration need to be carried out first. For that purpose, individual inspection of symptoms (resin flow, boring dust around the trunk) in each tree is necessary. Sometimes it is difficult to conduct such an inspection due to a shortage of time and manpower. If beetles complete their development and leave trees, it might be good to leave those trees in stands for some time because the bark beetle antagonist can be removed with them (Wermelinger et al., 2012). The impact on the natural enemies can be minimized if heavy infested trees are removed out of stands before the emergence of bark beetles.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All the authors are grateful to Marko Kasumović, Milan Starčević, Mile Kasumović and Pere Kulaš for their generous support during the field work. Many valuable research-related data have been provided by Ivica Serdar, head of the Department of Forest Measurement in a state-owned company Croatian forest Ltd, who has made a priceless contribution to this study.
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