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Provenance variation in germination and seedling growth of Rhododendron ponticum L. Varijabilnost provenijencija u klijavosti sjemena i rastu sadnica vrste Rhododendron ponticum L. Muberra Pulatkan, Asena Sule Kamber Summary Rhododendron ponticum is a popular shrubby plant in landscape architecture planting designs. It is especially effective when used in large groups, due to its form, foliage and flower aesthetics, as well as its functional properties. The plant is indigenous tomany mountainous and forested areas of different elevations. In the present study, the germination success of Rhododendron ponticum seeds obtained from three different provenances in NE Turkey: Zafanos (39º46’N, 40º56’E, 592m), Maçka (39º39’N, 40º41’E, 1234m) and Zigana (39º24’N, 40º39’E, 1744m) was investigated under greenhouse conditions (25 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 2% Humidity). After germination, seedling sizes and root length were determined. The highest germination rate (78.91%) was obtained with the seeds collected from Maçka (1234m). The development of the seedlings demonstrated that the greatest height and root length values were obtained with the seedlings collected at the Zafonos site (592m).It was found that germination success was not effectively correlated with the rate of seedling development. Key words: Rhododendron ponticum; germination; seedling growth; provenance variation INTRODUCTION UVOD The genus Rhododendron of the Ericaceae family contains over 600 species (Cross, 1975). It is a shrubby plant with many aesthetic qualities, such as having fragrant, brightly-colored flowers in many different colorsblossoming at different periods, beautiful autumn colors and attractive foliage. The natural habitat of Rhododendron is generally the mountains, wherethe climate and soil conditions are most suitable for the growth of Rhododendron and result in its prevalence around the world. This terrain can be characterized by abundant rain and cool-temperate to cold temperatures (Reiley 1995). The most common Rhododendron habitats include the southernmost upland parts of Asia (Coombes 1998), much of Northern Europe and North America, and they occur extensivelyin China and the Himalayas. They are also found in the southern Black Sea area, the south-eastern corner of the Caucasus, northeastern Turkey and southeastern Bulgaria, as well as in Lebanon, Southwest Spain and Central Portugal (Jessen at al. 1959; Cross 1975; Davis 1978). The Rhododendrons often have shallow roots. The roots beneath the organic foliage layer also developwith the materials in the soil layer outside the soil and demonstrate a rapid and broad growth on the surface (Clarke 1982). |
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Rhododendron ponticum, a common and widespread evergreen species of the Rhododendron genus, is 2-8 m long and has a vertical form. (Tutin et al. 1972) Its leaves are dark green and oblong-elliptic (Cross 1975). The funnel-shaped flowers are purple, lavender and pink (Burnie et al. 2004). The thick leaf-litter layer created by Rhododendron on the forest ground breaks down slowly in some areas and may therefore endanger the natural bushes and trees by occlusion, and thus may result in a new or more restricted surface vegetation (Cross 1975). Studies in the literature indicated that Rhododendron ponticum is an invasive species on mixed forest ground, particularly in oak and beech forests andalso investigated the measures against Rhododendron ponticum invasion(Thomson et al. 1993; Erfmeier and Bruelheide 2004; Esen et al. 2004; Tyler et al. 2006; Harris et al. 2009). Despite its damage to the endemic forest vegetation where it is an invasive species, Rhododendron ponticum has an aesthetic value in landscape architecture due to itsevergreen foliage and the purple and mauve tinted flowers that blossom in the spring. They are particularly effective when used in groups. In planting designs, in addition to their aesthetic effects, they can be utilized as hedges and border elements to create stimulant effects in slope stabilizations and roadway planting. The present study aimed to support the seed cultivation of Rhododendron ponticum for its use in landscape planting designs. In this context, the success of germination of seeds obtained from different elevations was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIJALI I METODE Rhododendron ponticum L. seed capsules were collected in November 2015, in the maturation season, from the origins at different altitudes in the Eastern Black Sea region in Turkey. Bulked seeds for each origin from at least 30 species were used. Information on the origins of the plants where the Rhododendron ponticum seed capsules were collected is presented in Table 1. Seed capsules of Rhododendron ponticum, collected from different, were spread in a thin layer in the laboratory and dried at ambient temperature and humidity. Dried capsules were manually broken open and the seeds were removed. Before the seeds were sowed, it wasn’t applied any treatment for seeds to determine their viability, only healthy seeds were chosen. One thousand seed weights were determined using randomly selected seeds. The seeds were separated according to their origins in closed containers. Cold stratification pre-treatment at 2-4 °C in dark conditions was applied to the seeds for 3 months until February 2016 before sowing. Germination experiments of Rhododendron ponticum seeds were conducted in the greenhouse with technological systems at 25 ± 2 ° C, 70 ± 2% humidity conditions. Soil, Peat, Soil + Sand (5:5), Soil + Sand (7:3), Peat + Sand (7:3) and Soil + Peat + Sand (4:4:2) media were prepared for germination in the study. Afterwards 3 x 100 seeds were planted in planting crates in the greenhouse in three repetitions for each elevation. The crates were covered with a polyethylene cover to provide suitable moisture until the germination process is completed. Irrigation operation was conducted with the sprinkling method and equal amounts of water were provided for each crate. Weeds were removed from the medium during the study. From the first day of germination, germinated seeds in each medium were counted at one-week intervals. At the end of the study after eight months of sowing in October 2016, measurements were conducted to determine the height and root length of the seedlings in the medium, based on the elevation they were obtained from during the diversion of the germinated seeds. The seedling height and the length of roots formed were measured as three repetitions by a type measure at 1 mm sensitivity and recorded as “cm”. In the present study, multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to reveal the differences between the germinated seeds based on the altitude of collection and germination medium and the values obtained in the conducted measurements. Homogeneous subgroups were determined with the Duncan test. SPSS statistical software was used to conduct these analyzes. RESULTS AND DISCUSION REZULTATI I RASPRAVA Randomly selected 8x100 seeds were weighed on a precision scale and 1000 seed weight was determined (ISTA 1996). Seeds collected from Zafanos provenance (592m) weighed 0.0764g, from Macka provenance (1234m) weighed 0.09444g and from Zigana provenance (1744m) weighed 0.0805g (Table 1). Cross (1975) states that Rhododendron ponticum produces hundreds of thousands of seeds every year with an average weight of 0.063g. Small seed size also increases plant proliferation potential by allowing seeds to spread over long distances (Higgins et al. 1996; Rejmanek and Richardson 1996). Gutterman (1992) notes that seed germination is affected by environmental factors, such as light, temperature and salinity conditions, as well as the origin of the seed.Differences between germination of seeds based on provenance were reported in many species (for examples, see Vera 1997; Keller and Kollmann 1999; Andersen et al. 2008; Singh et al.2004; Vecchio 2012). |
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In the present study, significant differences (P <0.01) were obtained between the germination data according to the results of the conducted analysis of variance. Duncan test findings demonstrated that three different germination groups were formed based on origin altitudes. The highest germination (78.91%) was observed in the seeds collected from Maçka provenance (1234 m) and the lowest germination value (59.47%) was observed in seeds obtained from Zafanos provenance (592 m) (Table 2). Given the seed weights, the highest rate of germination was determined in seeds collected from the Maçka provenance, with a maximum weight of 1000gr (0.0944g). This suggests that a higher seed weight may promote germination. However, Vera (1997), in a study conducted with Calluna vulgaris and Erica cinerea seeds collected at different altitudes, noted that Calluna seed size did not affect germination and there were no significant differences between the germination of different sizes of Erica seeds. It was reported, however, that the highest germination rate was obtained with the seeds collected at higher altitudes. In a similar study conducted with Rhododendron catawbiense seeds collected from five different provenances, it was reported that seeds collected from the highest altitude had higher cumulative germination under different light and temperature conditions (Rowe et al. 1994). The germination rates of Rhododendron ponticumseeds collected from different provenances at different altitudes in six different media are presented in Figure 1. The germination rates of Rhododendron ponticum taxa demonstrated that the highest germination rate (89.33%) was |
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found in seeds collected from Maçka provenance at 1234 m in Soil + Peat (SP) growth medium. While the seeds collected from Zigana provenance at 1744 m also had a high germination percentage of 82.5% in Soil + Peat (SP), the seeds collected from Zafanos provenance (592 m)was determined in Soil (S) medium with a high germination percentage of 73.1%. Rhododendrons typically exhibit their best growth in forest soil and in soils with rich organic matter (Clarke 1982; Reiley 1995; Brenzel 1997). A similar study conducted with Rhododendron ponticum also demonstrated that the survival rate of the seedlings was better in soil rich in organic matter (Var and Dincer 2006). Based on the analysis of variance results, seedling plant and root length values were statistically significant (P <0.01). The seedlings developed from the seeds collected from Zafanos provenance at 592 m exhibited a higher size and root length when compared to the seeds collected in other provenances (Table 3). Plant height and root lengths of the seedlings from the seeds collected from high altitudes were determined lower. Similar results were obtained in a study conducted with Carpinus betulus seeds collected from different populations in different altitudes. It was reported that the lowest seedling heights developed from seeds obtained from populations at high altitudes (Hatipoglu 2013). The maximum seedling height (6.91 cm) was observed in seeds collected at Zafanos provenance, however there were no significant differences between the seedling sizes of seeds collected from Macka and Zigana provenances, which both had high altitudes. When the length of seedling roots was examined, it was observed that there were three different groups. The seeds with the highest weight of 1000g and that demonstrated the most successful germination, that is, those collected from the Macka provenance at 1234 m, provided the lowest seedling height and root length. Rhododendrons, whose natural habitats are generally the mountainous, have higher seed weight and germination success at higher provenance. However, outside the growing areas, these seedlings developed at lower altitudes, had lower height and root length. At the same time it was determined that the seedlings from Zafanos provenance at 592 m, with the lowest seed weight and germination success, had the best height and root development. It was found that seed weights and germination success were not positively correlated with the seedling size and root development. CONCLUSIONS ZAKLJUČCI Rhododendron ponticum, a shrub that offers unique attributes in planting schemes due to its form, foliage and flower properties could be effective in many areas in addition to its aesthetical properties. Due to their visual and functional qualities, they are among species that need to be cultivated and propagated, and their use in landscape architecture planting designs should be promoted. In the present study, the effect of different provenances on germination in Rhododendron ponticum seed cultivation was investigated and it was determined that seeds from high altitudes possessed greater germination success. In addition, germination in soil and peat media has been more successful. Although the germination success of high altitude seeds is high, it should be taken into consideration that seedling height and root lengths are not better. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ZAHVALE This study is a part of the project (with code number 9733) supported by the Scientific Research Projects Department, Karadeniz Technical University. REFERENCES LITERATURA Andersen, U.S., J.P.P. Cordova, N.B. Nielsen, J. Kollmann, 2008: Provenance variation in germination and seedling growth of Abies guatemalensis Rehder. Forest Ecology and Management, 255: 1831–1840. Brenzel, K.N., 1997: Sunset National Garden Book, Sunset Book and Sunset Magazine, 656p. USA. Burnie, G., S. Forrester, D. Greig, S. Guest, M. Harmony, S. Hobley, G. Jackson, P. Lavarack, M. Ledgett, R. McDonald, S. Macoboy, B. Molyneux, D. Moodie, J. Moore, D. Newman, T. North, K. Pienaar, G. Purdy, J. Silk, S. Ryan, G. Schien, 2004: Botanica, Könemann: Tandem Verlag GmbH, 1020p. Italy. Clarke, J.H. 1982: Getting Started with Rhododendrons and Azaleas, Timber Press, 268p. USA. Coombes, A. 1998: The Gardener’s Guide to Shrubs, Mitchell Beazley, 224p. London. Cross, J.R. 1975: Biological flora of the British Isles: Rhododendron ponticum. Journal of Ecology, 63(1): 345-364. Davis, P. H. 1978: Flora of Turkey, Univ. Pr., 580p. Edinburgh. |
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Erfmeier, A. H. Bruelheide, 2004: Comparison of native and invasive Rhododendron ponticum populations: Growth, reproduction and morphology under field conditions. Flora, 199: 120–133. Esen, D., S.M. Zedakerb, J.L. Kirwanb, P. Mouc, 2004: Soil and site factors influencing purple-flowered Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.) and eastern beech forests (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Turkey, Forest Ecology and Management, 203: 229–240. Gutterman, Y. 1992: Maternal effects on seeds during development, In M. Fenner (Ed.), Seeds: The ecology of regeneration in plant communities (pp. 27–59). Melksham: Redwood Press, UK. Harris, C.M., K.J. Park, R. Atkinson, C. Edwards, J.M.J. Travis, 2009: Invasive species control: Incorporating demographic data and seed dispersal into a management model for Rhododendron ponticum, Ecological Informatics, 4: 226–233. Hatipoglu, E. 2013. Doğu Gurgeni (Carpinus orientalis Miller)’nde Yukseltiye Bagli Olarak Bazi Morfolojik Karakterlerin ve Cimlenme Özelliklerinin Arastirilmasi, Dissertation (Master thesis), Karadeniz Technical University, 107p. Trabzon, Turkey. Higgins, S.I., D.M. Richardson, R.M. Cowling, 1996: Modeling invasive plant spread: The role of plant-environment interactions and model structure. Ecology, 77 (7): 2043–2054. ISTA, International Seed Testing Association, 1996: International Rules for Seed Testing, Rules Seed Science and Technolog, 24 (Supplement): 241-335. Jessen, K., S.T. Andersen, A. Farrington, 1959: The interglacial deposit near Gort, Co. Galway, Ireland. – Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science,60: 1, 3-77. Keller, M., J. Kollmann, 1999: Effects of seed provenance on germination of herbs for agricultural compensation sites. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 72: 87-99. Reiley, E. H. 1995: Success with Rhododendrons and Azaleas, Timber Press, 348p. Cambridge, UK. Rejmanek, M., D.M. Richardson, 1996: What attributes make some plant species more invasive? Ecology, 77: 1655–1661. Rowe, D.B., F.A. Blazich, S.L. Warren, T.G. Ranney, 1994: Seed Germination of Three Provenances of Rhododendron catawbiense: Influence of Light and Temperature, Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 12(3):155-158. Singh B., B.P. Bhatt, P. Prasad, 2004: Effect of seed source and temperature on seed germination of Celtis australis L.: a promising agroforestry tree-crop of Central Himalaya, Forests Trees and Livelihoods,14: 53–60. Thomson, A.G., G.L. Radford, D.A. Norris, J.E.G. Good, 1993: Factors affecting the distribution and spread of Rhododendron in North Wales, Journal of Environmental Management39:199–212. Tutin, T.G., V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, D.A. Webb, 1972: Flora Europaea, Cambridge Univ. Pr., 370p. Cambridge. Tyler, C., A.S. Pullin, G.B. Stewart, 2006: Effectiveness of Management Interventions to Control Invasion by Rhododendron ponticum, Environmental Management, 37(4): 513–522. Vecchio, S. D., E. Mattana, A.T.R. Acosta, G. Bacchetta, 2012: Seed germination responses to varying environmental conditions and provenances in Crucianella maritima L., a threatened coastal species, Comptes Rendus Biologies, 335: 26–31. Var M., D. Dincer, 2006: The Replication of the Purple-flowered Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.) by Seed and Chances of Survival in Replanting in Different Media, Turkish journal of agriculture and forestry, 30: 145-152. Vera M.L. 1997: Effects of altitude and seed size on germination and seedling survival of heathland plants in North Spain, Plant Ecology, 133:101–106. Sažetak Rhododendron ponticum je popularna grmolika biljka koja se vrlo često koristi u krajobraznoj arhitekturi. Zbog svojega oblika, lišća i cvjetova, kao i zbog funkcionalnih značajki, posebno je efektna kada se sadi u velikim grupama. Ova prirodna biljka raste u mnogim planinskim i šumskim područjima na različitim visinama. U ovome radu istražili smo uspjeh klijanja sjemena Rhododendron ponticum u stakleničkim uvjetima (25 ± 2 ºC, 70 ± 2% vlažnost). Sjeme smo pribavili iz tri različita lokaliteta u sjeveroistočnoj Turskoj: Zafanos (39º46’N, 40º56’E, 592 m n.v.), Maçka (39º39’N, 40º41’E, 1234 m n.v.) i Zigana (39º24’N, 40º39’E, 1744 m n.v.). Nakon klijanja određene su visine sadnica i duljina korijena. Najveća klijavost (78,91 %) utvrđena je kod sjemena sakupljenog u lokalitetu Maçka (1234 m). Razvoj sadnica pokazuje da su najveće vrijednosti visina i duljina korijena dobivene kod sadnica iz lokaliteta Zafonos (592m). Utvrđeno je da postotak klijanja nije u značajnoj korelaciji s rastom sadnica. Ključne riječi: Rhododendron ponticum; klijavost; rast sadnica; varijabilnost provenijencije |