DIGITALNA ARHIVA ŠUMARSKOG LISTA
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Gymnosperms). Other 188 taxa (88.3 %) are angiosperms; 157 of them are dicotyledons (Dicotyledones) and 31 are monocotyledons (Monocotyledones). All taxa, with the exception of 5 vegetable species and 3 species of grains, belong to woody perennials or herbaceous perennials. For the territory of Croatia, only 20 (9.5 %) autochthonous taxa were recorded, the majority of which were Mediterranean and European species. The most of the exotic taxa, i.e. the ones that grow exclusively outside of the European continent, came from North, Central and South America, including the individual countries of Brasil and Mexico (79; 37.1 %). These were followed by Asian taxa, including China and Japan (47; 22.1 %), and Australian taxa (21; 9.9 %) and areal taxa from Africa (17; 8.0 %). The rest of the taxa are native and/or thrive on several continents, e.g. in Europe, Africa and Asia. The most represented genera are: Acacia (11), Pelargonium (6), Olea (5) and Araucaria (5 taxa). The most represented families are Leguminosae (21), Rosaceae (17), Myrtaceae (12), Asparagaceae (8), Pinaceae (8), Oleaceae (7) and Cupressaceae (7 taxa). Judging by the groups of plants from Maximilian’s period, the most of them were perennials (50; 23.5 %), followed by deciduous (26) and coniferous trees (22, in total 48; 22.5 %), shrubs (44; 20.7 %), fruit trees and grapevines (28; 13.2 %), palm trees and succulents (19; 8.9 %), climbers (8) and cultivated herbaceous perennials (bulbs) also 8 (3.8 %), vegetable and forage crops (5; 2.4 %) and grains (3; 1.4 %). According to 2018-2019 inventory, 71 taxa were inventoried within the Lokrum ornamental gardens today, belonging to 43 families and 64 genera. There were 5 gymnosperms (Gymnosperms) recorded, and 66 angiosperms; 51 dicotyledons (Dicotyledones) and 16 monocotyledons (Monocotyledones). The most represented families were: Asparagaceae (8), Rosaceae (5), Arecaceae (4) and Oleaceae (4), while the most represented families from the 19th century (Leguminosae, Rosaceae and Myrtaceae) were reduced to the minimum. The genera were largely represented with only one taxon, while the most represented genera are that of Yucca with 3 taxa. There are 3 invasive species present on the island today (Nikolić et al. 2014): Nicotiana glauca, Robinia pseudoacacia and Opuntia ficus-indica, which was, according to the photographs, planted already in the period of Maximilian. Out of 71 recorded taxa, 51 (71.8 %) are allochthonous, mostly woody plants, while there are 20 autochthonous taxa, that largely include woody macchia and autochthonous woody fruit trees. In comparison with the list made at the time of Maximilian, 41 of today’s taxa were not recorded. Subsequently, only 30 taxa (14.1 %) from that period remained present, mostly originating from Asia (17 taxa: Asia, including China and Japan) and 9 Mediterranean taxa, mostly autochthonous species and occasionally 4 other species originating from other parts of the world. Therefore, one must take into account that many autochthonous species of Mediterranean macchia that were present in Maximilian’s period within his ornamental gardens, and some of them were planted according to the design, especially in front of the residence, were not fully recorded in the plant inventories in the archival sources. Namely, the archival sources show that a nursery has been constructed in order to cultivate different autochthonous plants, and they explicitly mention Arbutus unedo and Pinus halepensis (AST, N 34, f 78, nn 144-237, 1863). There were 9 Mediterranean, largely autochthonous taxa determined, and 6 naturalised in our climate, which were also present in Maximilian’s period: Arbutus unedo, Buxus sempervirens, Citrus x aurantium, Citrus medica, Ficus carica, Laurus nobilis, Myrtus communis, Olea eruopea, Prunus persica, Rhamnus alaternus, Viburnum tinus, Chamaerops humilis, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus halepensis and Ceratonia siliqua. Autochthonous varieties of olives from Dubrovnik area were planted: Olea europaea ‘Bjelica’, Olea europaea ‘Mrčakinja’, Olea europaea ‘Murgulja’, Olea europaea ‘Oblica’, Olea europaea ‘Piculja’ (Marinović-Peričević and Družić 2004). Only 20 taxa of horticultural exotic (allochthonous) species planted in that period, which were at that time considered exotics, have remained. These are largely taxa originating from Asia (15 taxa: Asia, including China and Japan) belonging to woody or herbaceous perennials, which were able to thrive in the south of Dalmatia due to similar climate. Maximilian’s gardens are today managed by professional services of the Lokrum Reserve, in terms of regular pruning and disease and pest control. Considering the existing fund of the plants in the gardens, where the allochthonous species became domesticated over time, their future survival is not in question. A special feature of Maximilian’s undertaking lies in the fact that he, as a supreme commander of the Austrian navy, has personally organised and took part in research expeditions aimed at collecting seeds of various exotic species from different parts of the world (Riedl-Dorn 1992, 2012). A big two-year research expedition around the world on a steamboat Novara (1857-59) has been the biggest and the most ambitious Austrian expedition at the time, during which 26,000 exhibits, i.e. 3,000 plant species were collected, partly as seeds, partly in herbarium collections. During the preparations for the two-year expedition around the world onboard Novara, Maximilian’s advisor was the famous Alexander von Humboldt (Scherzer 1861). The second expedition was the so-called Brazilian expedition (1859-60), in which Maximilian personally took part. One of its results was a list and a systematisation of the found plants from the family of Araceae, due to which the entire collection, as well as some newly found plants were named after Maximilian Aroidae Maximilianae (Peyritsch and Schott 1879). There is an interesting historical fact saying that both of these big research expeditions had their ceremonial closings in |