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The effect of altitude and closed cone (seed) age on germination in red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) Utjecaj nadmorske visine i starosti zatvorenog češera na klijanje sjemena crvenog bora (Pinus brutia Ten.) Bilal Çetin Summary This study investigated changes in the germination rate and germination percentage of seeds obtained from closed pine cones (Pinus brutia Ten.) of different ages collected at different altitudes. The seeds used in the study were obtained from closed cones (3/control, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years old) in the lower (0-200 m) and higher (800-1000 m) altitude zones of the Mersin-Anamur region in a section from the sea to the interior. The seeds germinated in the dark at a constant temperature of 20 °C for 28 days. At the end of the germination test, a two-way analysis of variance was performed on the germination percentage data on the 10th, 14th, and 28th days, and the interactions between altitude and cone age were found to be significant (p = 0.05). As a result of the significant interaction between the two groups, the mean separation test (Tukey test) showed that the highest germination rate was 89.0% in the control group, and the lowest was 77.5% in the 7-year-old cones. In the higher altitude zone, the highest germination rate was 74.0% and the lowest was 71.0%, obtained from 5- and 7-year-old seeds, respectively. In general, germination values in the lower altitude zone were higher than those in the higher altitude zone. However, the decrease in germination values from the control to the 7-year-old seeds was greater in the lower altitude zone than in the higher altitude zone. The study found that altitude was more effective than cone age on the germination rate and percentage. Key words: Red pine, closed cone, germination rate, germination percentage INTRODUCTION UVOD Red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) is distributed in and around the Mediterranean Basin, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Cyprus, Iran, Azerbaijan, Crimea, Greece, and Italy (Yaltırık 1993; Yıldız et al. 2004; Boydak et al. 2006; Yıldız et al. 2010). This species has the widest distribution in the world, with an area of 5.61 million hectares in Turkey, constituting one-fourth of Turkey’s forest areas (Anonymous 2015). In the Mediterranean Region, red pine is generally found at altitudes ranging up to 1300 m and in some places as high as 1500 m. This species has high genetic diversity, adapts easily to different ecological conditions, and grows rapidly (Boydak et al. 2006; Yıldız et al. 2010; Yıldız et al. 2018) Therefore, because this species establishes forests in a wide-ranging geography under different conditions and grows rapidly, forestry wood and non-wood ecosystem services are quite high in Turkey. The intra-population variation in red pine seed germination rates and percentages is quite high (Thanos 2000; Boydak 2004; Boydak et al. 2006). Previous studies show that the temperature at which red pine seeds germinate is generally 15-20 °C (Şefik |