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| RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVA | ||
| Uredništvo HŠD | 217 | |
| Should we be surprised by the higher export of timber than furniture from Croatia? |  
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| At the end of May this year, Večernji list published an article analyzing a research by Dr. Goran Buturac from the Institute of Economics in Zagreb, titled “Croatias choice: Timber export or furniture production?” According to the analysis, over the past 20 years timber export has doubled and is now 3.3 times higher than furniture export. Among other things, the article reveals a discouraging picture of the Croatian wood industry and its competitiveness in both domestic and foreign markets. The Croatian Forestry Society is “tired” of repeatedly writing editorials about the (in)efficient use of state resources, without extensive analyses. For many years, these editorials have expressed the opinion of the profession and the Croatian Forestry Society regarding the non-market allocation of state-owned timber resources, using the familiar term “RAW MATERIAL ALLOCATION” – something unheard of even in the era of planned economy before 1991. Starting with the recent past, we list some of the editorials in Forestry Journal that dealt fully or partially with this issue. These can easily be accessed with a few clicks in the journals digital archive: https://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/rijecurednika.asp. In chronological order: 3-4/2024 What does Croatian Forestry Society expect from the future government?, 7-8/2021 Who is to blame for poor business results of wood processors?, 1-2/2020 Should the forest pay for everything?, 1-2/2019 Is the profession or the system to blame?, 11-12/2018 What percent of the population is aware of the forestry profession?, 5-6/2018 How to proceed in the future?, 3-4/2018 Forestry regulations and politics, 1-2/2018 Is the forest act binding for all forest owners?, 11-12/2017 The forestry profession and public relations, 9-10/2016 Evaluation of forests in the climate policy and the cascade use of forests, 1-2/2016 The problem of formulating a consistent forestry and wood processing policy in Croatia, 9-10/2015 Have we learnt something from history?, 3-4/2013 Where did politically based personnel recruitment and non-market management lead us?, 5-6/2012 The relationship between forestry and wood processing, 5-6/2011 Development strategy (strategies), 7-8/2010 Do we use biomass as an energy source? If so, how do we use it? To summarize: in the past 15 years, we have written about this same topic 16 times – on average once a year. Now we shall quote ourselves from the editorial The forestry profession and public relations, published in Forestry Journal no. 11-12/2017, which outlines our position on market-based forest management and efficient use of state resources: First and foremost, we advocate the principle of market forest management in the sale of forest products, which means competing for raw wood material rather than purchasing it by contracts/allocation at prices which are much lower than those in the EU and in the surrounding countries. We have repeatedly warned that such low prices, particularly of the most valuable wood assortments, lead to squandering the national wealth and enabling some to make good profit at the primary wood processing stage. This is not conducive to the production of highly finalized products, which would provide high employment of professional workers and engineers as well as ensure the economic use of raw material. Market prices of raw material have never been a problem to proper finalists. An article in Slobodna Dalmacija commends wood processing as an important component of GDP and of growing export, with the exception of furniture. Let us ask ourselves why it is only export of furniture that is not growing. The answer is very simple: we export raw wood material at the lowest possible processing stage. Consequently, we also export work places for the benefit of foreign buyers. Add to this the FSC certification and our squandering nature is complete. Let us also remind you of this: wood, as the base raw material in a highly finished product, accounts for about 14% to a maximum of 20% of the products value, which means that the price of wood is not a decisive factor in production costs. And let us repeat: by comparing the selling prices of key timber assortments in the neighbouring markets (Austria, Italy, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia) with those at which Croatian Forests Ltd. sells timber assortments to domestic processors, we arrive at an annual figure of about HRK 500 million (EUR 66 million), which is the amount by which the state is already subsidizing the wood processing industry. Despite that, most of the media coverage over an extended period has been focused on the PRICE of timber assortments and the way they are ALLOCATED. After all mentioned above, we should not be surprised by the higher export of timber than furniture from Croatia. Editorial Board |
authors: Uredništvo HŠD | |
| IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI ČLANCI | ||
| Tatjana Mandić Bulić, Marilena Idžojtić | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.149.5-6.1 |
219 |
| Woody plants of the Brijuni national park |
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| This study provides an inventory and analysis of the woody plants of the Brijuni National Park, examining both autochthonous and allochthonous taxa recorded in 2021 and 2022 on the islands of Veli Brijun, Mali Brijun and Krasnica (Vanga). The analysis includes data on the number of taxa, family affiliation, distribution range, growth form, leaf persistence, as well as unique, relatively rare, and invasive taxa found in Croatia. A total of 228 woody species, subspecies, varieties, cultivars and hybrids were recorded, of which 27 belong to gymnosperms from 13 genera, while 201 are angiosperms from 128 genera. The Rosaceae family has the highest number of genera, followed by Lamiaceae, Asparagaceae and Cupressaceae. The genera Prunus and Ficus have the highest number of taxa. Regarding growth form, trees are the most dominant, while evergreen taxa prevail in terms of leaf persistence. None of the recorded taxa are unique to Croatia, although eight are relatively rare in cultivation. Only one strictly protected plant species in Croatia, the common yew (Taxus baccata L.), was recorded in the Brijuni National Park, along with two invasive species: tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Based on the available literature and this study’s findings, a comparison was conducted between the current woody plant diversity and historical records from the beginning and end of the 20th century. The results reveal significant changes in the woody flora over the course of more than a century. Overall, this research offers valuable insights into the diversity and dynamics of the Brijuni National Park’s dendroflora and highlights the importance of the ongoing monitoring efforts. |
authors: Tatjana Mandić Bulić Marilena Idžojtić ŠL | |
| Esmera Kajtaz, Dženita Alibegić, Haris Nikšić, Željko Španjol, Boris Dorbić | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.149.5-6.2 |
233 |
| Determination of antioxidant profile of the essential oil and extract samples obtained from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) |
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| Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) is a low, perennial shrub that grows in countries around the western Mediterranean. It originates from sunny rocky areas and is primarily cultivated for its essential oils. Various studies have shown that certain types of medicinal plants, such as L. angustifolia Miller, containing linalool and linalyl acetate ester, have a mild sedative effect and are used in aromatherapy and phytotherapy to relieve stress. The aim of this study is to determine the antioxidant activity of lavender samples. Samples of plant material were collected from the following areas: Gubavica (municipality of Mostar) and Šehovina (city of Mostar). The following samples were analyzed: the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the plant material (Gubavica), the sample macerated in ethyl acetate (Šehovina), the collected aqueous residue after hydrodistillation, and commercial essential oil. The determination of the antioxidant activity of the samples was carried out using the following methods: DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Hydrodistilled essential oil, as well as commercial oil, showed weaker antioxidant activity, which was confirmed by all the methods used. Weaker antioxidant activity was also observed in the analysis of the ethyl acetate sample. By monitoring the reaction progress for the aforementioned samples it was impossible to calculate the IC50 value. The aqueous residue after hydrodistillation showed the highest antioxidant activity according to all methods used, confirmed by the IC50 value according to the DPPH method, which was 0.032 ± 0.006 mg/mL, while for the ABTS method, the IC50 value was 0.135 ± 0.003 mg/mL. Also, according to the FRAP method, the aqueous residue after hydrodistillation exhibited the best antioxidant activity (1099.45 ± 25.39 mg Evit. C/g of the extract). By comparing the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the tested samples, it can be concluded that the antioxidant effect is due to the phenolic compounds found in the aqueous residue after the hydrodistillation of the essential oil, which exhibited the best activity. In contrast, the compounds that make up the essential oil itself have only minor effectiveness regarding antioxidant capacity. |
authors: Esmera Kajtaz Dženita Alibegić Haris Nikšić Željko Španjol ŠL Boris Dorbić | |
| Ayşegül Tekeş, Serkan Özdemir, Candan Aykurt, Serkan Gülsoy, Kürşad Özkan | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.149.5-6.3 |
243 |
| Species distribution modeling of red hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) in response to climate change |
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| This study aimed to estimate the current and future potential status of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. which is one of the important Non-Wood Forest Product (NWFPs) species in the Bozdaglar Mountains in the Aegean Region of Türkiye. MaxEnt method was used for potential distribution modelling and mapping of the target species. Climate data were obtained from the WorldClim database. Data on future climate conditions were downloaded from the UKESM1-0-LL projection for the years 2081-2100. As a result of the modelling process, the AUC value of the training dataset was 0.802 and the test dataset AUC value was 0.609. The variables shaping the model were BIO12 (annual precipitation), BIO7 (temperature annual range (BIO5-BIO6)), HI (heat index), TPI (topographical position index), and BIO13 (precipitation of wettest month). We found that the suitable distribution area of the target species, which is currently 182,214 ha, is estimated to decrease by 7,311 ha under the worst-case scenario SSP5 8.5, whereas the unsuitable area, which is currently 75,490 ha, is estimated to increase by 250,393 ha. The findings obtained in this study will aid in developing site-specific conservation strategies and management plans relevant to forestry. |
authors: Ayşegül Tekeş Serkan Özdemir Candan Aykurt Serkan Gülsoy Kürşad Özkan | |
| Ali Bayraktar, Deniz Güney, Fahrettin Atar, Ibrahim Turna | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.149.5-6.4 |
255 |
| Evaluation of rooting responses in Lagerstroemia indica L. cuttings under different greenhouse settings, rooting media, and phytohormonal applications |
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| Lagerstroemia indica L. is a favored ornamental plant in landscaping projects and its various vegetative parts are widely used in medicine. This study aimed to propagate the species using hardwood cuttings due to its desired traits. For this purpose, three different greenhouse media were set up, each containing perlite and peat rooting media. In each medium, in addition to the control, cuttings treated with 1000 ppm and 5000 ppm doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and ?-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), which are auxin group phytohormones, were used. The studys findings revealed that GM-2 (air temperature: 20±2°C; rooting table temperature: 25±2°C) and GM-3 (nylon tunnel greenhouse) had greater rooting percentages and root lengths than GM-1 (air and rooting table temperatures: 20±2°C), which had the highest number of roots. In all three greenhouse conditions, perlite rooting medium had a definite advantage in terms of rooting percentage; nevertheless, peat rooting medium mostly produced greater results with regard to both root length and the number of roots. As a result of the study, the highest rooting percentages were recorded in perlite rooting media, with 90.00% in the NAA 1000 ppm treatment in GM-2 and NAA 5000 ppm treatment in GM-3. Based on these findings, to achieve a high rooting success rate, it can be recommended to use cuttings treated with NAA 1000 ppm in perlite rooting medium in a greenhouse medium where the rooting table temperature is set 5? higher than the air temperature. |
authors: Ali Bayraktar Deniz Güney Fahrettin Atar Ibrahim Turna | |
| Hediye Aktaş Aytepe, Ali Kavgaci | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.149.5-6.5 |
265 |
| Syntaxonomical contribution to the vegetation classification of Türkiye from SW Anatolia: a plant diversity hotspot |
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| This study was carried out to determine the vegetation diversity and gradient of the Bencik Mountain in SW Anatolia, Türkiye, which is a plant biodiversity hotspot. The field sampling was realized in accordance with the Braun-Blanquet’s methodology. For the classification of communities, hierarchical cluster analysis was used. Ecological interpretation of the defined communities was done by nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling with passive projection of topographical variables. Five plant communities belonging to different vegetation types (forest, macchia and regressive successional stage) were identified. Except for regressive successional stage, the others were described at the association level. Three of them were newly described. The pine-dominated forests are represented by Hymenocarpo circinnati-Pinetum brutiae under the alliance Styraco officinalis-Pinion brutiae (Pinetalia halepensis, Pinatea halepensis) and Vicio lathyroidis-Pinetum pallasianae under the alliance Adenocarpo-Pinion pallasianae (Erico-Pinetalia, Erico-Pinetea). Both of them are new associations. The riparian sites are represented by Nerio oleandri-Platanetum orientalis under the alliance Platanion orientalis (Populetalia albae, Alno glutinosae-Populetea albae). The macchia is represented by Daphno gnidiois-Quercetum cocciferae, a new association belonging to the alliance Quercion cocciferae (Quercetalia cocciferae, Quercetea ilicis). The regressive successional stage is represented by the Aegilops triuncialis-Clypeola jonthlaspi community, which resulted from the overgrazing and intensive human use of Quercus coccifera macchia. Floristic differentiation of the study area vegetation is significantly correlated with topographical variables (elevation and aspect). This study not only indicated the diverse vegetation richness of the area and its nature conservation value but also made an important contribution to the understanding of Mediterranean vegetation in Türkiye. |
authors: Hediye Aktaş Aytepe Ali Kavgaci | |
| PREGLEDNI ČLANCI | ||
| Igor Anić | https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.149.5-6.6 |
279 |
| History of pedunculate oak forest regeneration in Croatia |
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| The history of pedunculate oak forest regeneration in Croatia can be traced in the following historical order: - Regeneration of virgin forests until 1700. It took place before more intensive settlement to the lowland area of Croatia (Slavonia), while the forests developed completely naturally. Forest regeneration was natural, from seeds, on a small surface area, long-lasting and random. Forests would succeed in places of coordinated abundant crop of acorns and in canopy gaps. - Forest regeneration by incomplete shelterwood felling in the period 1700-1850. The method was used in the period of more intensive settlement and anthropization. Forest regeneration was natural, lasting 10–15 years. It started with preparatory felling on a large area, and ended with final felling on small areas. - Forest regeneration by final felling following five-year ban on driving cattle in the period 1850-1930. This was the period of intensive commercial exploitation of old pedunculate oak forests. Old oak stands aged 200–300 years were regenerated with a small number of oak trees per hectare (20–30). With one final felling of old oak trees, the young growth that appeared during the five-year ban on driving cattle was freed from the shelter. In places where the result of natural regeneration was weak, it was supported by planting acorns. Excessive felling areas, felling of stands with too old and dry-topped trees that yield little or no acorns, the conclusion of harmful contracts that allowed buyers to cut down oak trees first, and the excess of stagnant water in some places were more favorable to the regeneration of pioneer species and weed. - Agro-forestry system in the period 1900-1930. It was introduced in some places where the previous method failed. Weedy forestland was leased for several years for agricultural crops, usually wheat or oats. After the lease had expired, an oak forest was established again by planting acorns. Due to the perceived shortcomings, the method was soon abandoned. When used for agricultural purposes, the soil loses its forest soil properties. The degraded soil is only suitable for pioneer tree species. Pedunculate oak stands planted on degraded soil are of lower quality, vitality and stability compared to those growing on forest soil. - Forest regeneration by the uniform shelterwood method since 1930. It began to be used for the regeneration of stands which are usually managed with rotations of 140 years or, for health reasons, with rotations of 120 or 100 years. This is the standard and most widespread method of regeneration of pedunculate oak forests in Croatia. During the second half of the 20th century, it was modernized with scientific knowledge based on the principles of the Zagreb School of Silviculture. The fellings and the regeneration period are adapted to the forest communities of pedunculate oak. In pedunculate oak forests with hornbeam (As. Carpino betuli-Quercetum roboris /Anić 1959/ emend. Rauš 1969) three fellings are done (preparatory, seeding and final felling). Two fellings (seeding and final felling) and a shorter period of regeneration are used in floodplain oak forests (As. Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboris Ht. 1938). Insufficient natural regeneration is supported according to natural principles, by sowing or planting acorns before the seeding felling. Between 700 and 1000 kg of acorns per hectare are needed for forest regeneration by sowing acorns. For the regeneration of forests by planting of acorns, 400–600 kg are needed. - Regeneration by the conversion of tree mixture since 1980. It is recommended as a close-to-nature method of recovering a degraded site (weedy, waterlogged, polluted, compacted) after the intensive decline of the oak stand. It is carried out by sowing or planting native pioneer tree species: narrow-leaved ash, black alder, poplar and willow. The newly created pioneer forest has the task of biologically preparing the degraded soil for the return of the pedunculate oak. - Forest regeneration by the strip and group shelterwood method since 1990. It is recommended in conditions of weak, irregular and uneven acorn harvest, and the emphasized need to protect nature and the environment. It is one of the ways of adapting forest regeneration to climate changes and natural disasters. The common denominator of methods of regeneration of the oak forests in Croatia is natural or close to nature regeneration under the shelter of mature trees. This way of forming pedunculate oak forests is an important historical feature of forest management, and the main reason for their great naturalness. The introduction of the principles of the Zagreb School of Silviculture into the practice of forest regeneration in the first half of the 20th century directly contributed to the preservation of the high naturalness and quality of the pedunculate oak forests as follows: natural regeneration under the shelter of mature trees; the creation of mixed stands of pedunculate oak with companions from the natural forest community; and supporting natural regeneration by sowing or planting acorns under the shelter of mature trees. Forest regeneration by the strip and group shelterwood method is optimal in the present ecological conditions. Large stands (5-60 ha) of regular spatial shapes can be regenerated by shelterwood felling in the form of stripes and circles with a width of 2-4 stand height and an area of 1-5 ha. Small (1-3 ha) and medium-sized (3-5 ha) stands with irregular spatial shapes can be regenerated by irregular shelterwood method. Regrowth cores can have a width of 1-2 stand height and an area of 0.01-0.02 ha. |
authors: Igor Anić ŠL | |